契约抑或身份?——劳动法在20世纪美国的兴起与衰落  

Contract or Identity:the Rise and Fall of the US Labor Law in the 20th Century

作　　者：田雷[1] 

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学法学院

出　　处：《开放时代》2017年第6期56-67,共12页Open Times

摘　　要：以"契约"和"身份"作为理解美国劳动法的基础概念和认知框架,美国劳动法在20世纪呈现出"一个世纪,两段进程"的发展结构。通过罗斯福新政时期的政治斗争,以工人集体谈判权为核心机制的劳动法得以确立,大法官发现了现代工业体制内劳资权力的不平等,否定了此前坚守的契约自由学说,这是一段"从契约到身份"的过程。劳动法在世纪末的衰落,或者说由集体劳动法到个人就业法的转变,也在于保守派学者以法经济学为武器,主张工会集体谈判造成了工人工资的溢价,提出了回归基于合同的私法治理,因此是一段重新契约化的历史过程。Using "contract" and "identity" as the basic concepts and cognitive framework,we find that the history of the US labor law demonstrates a two-phase development process in the 20th century. Through the political struggle of Roosevelt's New Deal period,the labor law system,with the collective bargaining power of workers as the core mechanism,was established. The Supreme Court discovered the power inequality between capital and labor in the modern industrial system and therefore rejected the doctrine of freedom of contract. This represents a process"from contract to identity."The decline of labor law at the end of the century,or the transition from the collective labor law to the individual employment law,was in part the result of the conservative scholars' intellectual efforts. They use the law and economics as a weapon and claim the collective bargaining power of the workers' unions had caused wage over-evaluation and that a return to the contract-oriented private law system was needed. This was a re-contractualizing process.

关 键 词：从契约到身份 集体劳动法 个人就业法 劳资关系 法经济学 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD912.5