论特殊侵权的归责举证及立法完善——以医疗行为引起的侵权诉讼为例  

On the Imputation and Legislation Improvement of Special Tort

作　　者：薛生全 Xue Shengquan

机构地区：[1]河南财经政法大学法学院,河南郑州450046

出　　处：《法学杂志》2017年第11期68-75,共8页Law Science Magazine

摘　　要：随着市场经济的迅猛发展,医疗侵权行为、高度危险作业侵权行为等特殊侵权行为日益增多,对行为要素提出了更高的权责分配要求,这就需要从立法层面确立其归责原则和举证制度。而归责举证的实质是要强调行为主体承担民事责任的依据和标准,通过揭示归责的原因或隐藏在致害背后的缘由,探索出侵权责任的归责原则。确立多元的救济机制为受害者提供更加全面的补救体系,正是研讨特殊侵权行为归责举证的初衷与目的。医疗行为引起的特殊侵权诉讼实行举证责任倒置,医疗机构应对损害事实不是由该医疗行为造成的承担证明责任,但这并不是说患者完全不负有任何举证责任。除医疗机构过错推定的法定情形之外,对其他的事实患者还负担主要的举证责任。虽然这种归责举证存在弊端,但立法上建议制定《医疗损害责任赔偿法》,在实践上建立健全医疗责任保险制度。在处理某种特殊侵权行为时,应考虑其不同于一般侵权行为的特殊性,异于其他特殊侵权行为的要件或法律效果,其举证重在于此,使归责举证的规则日趋完备。With the rapid development of the market economy, medical tort, tort for the highly dangerous work behavior special infringement has increased, the distribution of responsi- bilities of higher requirements on the behavior of elements, from the legislative level to establish the principle of attribution and proof system. The essence of imputation is to emphasize the basis and standard for the subject to bear civil liability. Through revealing the reasons for the imputa- tion or the reasons behind the harm, the author explores the rules of liability for tort liability. It is the original intention and purpose of setting up a multiple relief mechanism to provide a more comprehensive remedy system for victims. Considering the special tort caused by medical behav- ior, according to the theory of imputation proof, the onus probandi is inversed, and the medical institutions should take the responsibility for the proof although damaged facts are not caused by the medical behavior. But that~ not to say that patients dont have any responsibility for the proof. The patient should take the major responsibility for the proof of other facts except that the medical institution is presumed to have faults. Although this kind of imputation evidence has its draw- backs, it should be proposed in the legislation that the law of liability compensation for medical damages should be enacted, and in practice, it should establish and improve the medical liability insurance system, embodied in dealing with some kind of special infringement behavior, to con- sider its particularity and difference from those of other special requirements or legal effect of torts, the weight of proof is to this, the imputation of evidential rules become more and more com- plete.

关 键 词：特殊侵权 归责原则 医疗诉讼 举证责任倒置 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]