不同施氮量下缓释氮肥与尿素掺混对玉米生长与氮素吸收利用的影响  

Effects of Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Urea Blending on Maize Growth and Nitrogen Uptake Under Different Nitrogen Application Rates

作　　者：郭金金 张富仓 王海东 闫世程 郑静 陈东峰 李志军 GUO JinJin;ZHANG FuCang;WANG HaiDong;YAN ShiCheng;ZHENG Jing;CHEN DongFeng;LI ZhiJun(Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest A＆F University/Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A＆F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室/西北农林科技大学旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2017年第20期3930-3943,共14页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家高技术研究计划("863"计划)(2011AA100504);农业部公益性行业科研专项(201503124);教育部高等学校创新引智计划(B12007)

摘　　要：【目的】研究不同施氮量下,尿素与缓释氮肥掺混对大田玉米生长、干物质累积量、产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,为作物高效施氮管理提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用玉米品种郑单958,设置了3种氮肥类型(尿素(U)、缓释氮肥(S)、尿素缓释肥3∶7掺混(SU))和4个施氮水平(N1(90 kg·hm^(-2))、N2(120 kg·hm^(-2))、N3(180 kg·hm^(-2))、N4(240 kg·hm^(-2))),以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,共13个处理。生育期内对玉米株高、茎粗和叶面积指数进行观测,并统计干物质累积量、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】氮肥类型与施氮量及两者交互作用对玉米生长指标、干物质累积量、产量及产量构成要素都有显著的影响。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)在N3施氮量下玉米最大干物质累积量和氮素累积吸收量分别为17 927.9 kg·hm^(-2)和156.1 kg·hm^(-2),较其他处理分别提高了16.0%—61.7%和8.1%—45.2%。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)在N3施氮量下,产量达到最高,为6 200 kg·hm^(-2),比尿素(U)N3处理和缓释氮肥(S)N2处理的产量分别增加了19.8%和20.7%;其中,缓释氮肥处理(S)和尿素掺混缓释氮肥处理(SU)在N2施氮量下比尿素处理施氮量减少30%时,产量无显著性差异。玉米的产量并不是随着施氮量的增加而增加,尿素(U)和尿素掺混缓释氮肥处理(SU)在N3施氮量时玉米产量比N4施氮量分别增加了19.7%和19.0%,缓释氮肥处理(S)中N2施氮量的玉米产量比N3和N4施氮量分别提高10.9%和26.5%。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)N3处理玉米吐丝期后营养器官中氮素向籽粒中转运量最大,比尿素(U)N3处理和缓释氮肥(S)N2处理分别增加了14.7%和8.2%,有利于促进籽粒的增产。土壤硝态氮的累积量随着施氮量的增加而增加,但是尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)处理的土壤硝态氮累积量比尿素(U)处理和缓释氮肥(S)处理分别平均减少21.2%和9.5%,尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)处理土壤硝态氮含量主[Objective]Understanding of the effects of mixed slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on crop growth can serve as a guide for optimal N management by improving N use efficiency and grain yield and reducing soil NO3--N residue.[Method]An experiment was conducted in Guanzhong Plain to investigate the effects of a mixture of conventional urea and slow-release fertilizer（N ratios 3∶7, respectively） and N application rates on maize plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, yield, yield components and nitrogen use with a high yielding ‘Zhengdan 958＇in a randomized complete block design. Three nitrogen fertilizer types（U： conventional urea, S： slow-release urea and SU： a mixture of slow-release and conventional urea with N ratio 7∶3） and four N application rates N1（90 kg·hm^（-2））, N2（120 kg·hm^（-2））, N3（180 kg·hm^（-2）） and N4（240 kg·hm^（-2）） were applied in the study. No nitrogen plot was designed as the control（CK）. There were 13 treatments were established.[Result]The interactions of nitrogen fertilizer types and rates on maize growth index, dry matter accumulation, yield and yield components were significant. Compared with other treatments, the maximum dry matter and nitrogen accumulation（17 927.9 kg·hm^（-2） and 156.1 kg·hm^（-2）） with SU（N3） were increased by 16.0%-61.7% and 8.1%-45.2%, respectively.The highest grain yield（6 200 kg·hm^（-2）） was achieved in the treatment of SU（N3）, increased by 19.8% and 20.7% in comparison with the treatments of U（N3） and S（N2）, respectively. There was no significant difference in yield among S（N2）, SU（N2） and U（N3）. The results also indicated that the yield did not increase with increasing N application rate. In the N3 treatment, the yields with U and SU were, respectively, increased by 19.7% and 19.0%, compared with N4. Moreover, the yield with S（N2） application was increased by 10.9% and 26.5% compared with S under N3 and N4, respectively. C

关 键 词：玉米 缓释氮肥 尿素 掺混 施氮量 氮素利用效率 土壤硝态氮 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]