跨语言时-体-情态的范畴化、显赫性及扩张性——库藏类型学视角  

Categorization,mightiness and expansion of tense-aspect-modality across languages:A perspective from Linguistic Inventory Typology

作　　者：于秀金[1] 

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学外国语学院

出　　处：《中国语文》2017年第6期670-692,共23页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"平衡语种样本视阈下时-体范畴的类型与共性研究"(15BYY174)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：本文汲取库藏类型学有关语言中功能范畴的显赫性与扩张性的理念,构建了跨语言时-体-情态的认知范畴化层级,以阐释跨语言时-体-情态的表达形式倾向无明显界限的缘由以及世界语言可划分为时空原型为有界/无界的语言和时空原型为现实/非现实的语言。在时空原型为有界/无界的语言中,体范畴倾向作为有界/无界的原型,体比时-情态更易成为显赫范畴;在时空原型为现实/非现实的语言中,存在现实/非现实不显赫和显赫两种类型,现实/非现实不显赫时,时-体-情态中的任何范畴在不同语言中都可能成为显赫范畴,现实/非现实显赫时,要么时-体-情态都不显赫,要么时-体-情态中也有范畴显赫。英语和汉语均是时空原型为现实/非现实的语言,但英语中现实/非现实不显赫而时范畴显赫,汉语中现实/非现实显赫而时-体-情态均不显赫,汉语显赫现实/非现实具有向量范畴和领属范畴扩张的倾向,汉语中语法化程度相对较高的时体助词、否定词、情态副词以及情态助动词这些形式手段在现实/非现实上的表达规律初步验证了我们的观点。本文的研究支持库藏类型学强调语言形式手段、注重形式和范畴间的双向视角的研究方案。From the perspective of the mightiness and expansion of functional categories in language proposed by Linguistic Inventory Typology, this article establishes a cognitive categorization hierarchy of tense-aspect-modality to explain why the encoding forms of tense-aspect-modality across languages tend to be entangled together, and also to propose that languages can be divided into two types: languages with boundedness/unboundedness as the prototype and languages with realis/irrealis as the prototype for spatio-temporal cognition. In languages with boundedness/unboundedness as their prototypical inventory, aspect tends to be the prototype of boundedness/unboundedness, i.e. aspect is more inclined to be the mighty category than tense and modality. In languages with realis/irrealis as their prototype, two sub-types of languages can be identified: the realis/irrealis-mighty type and the weak type. Cross-linguistically, when realis/irrealis paradigm is not mighty, any category in the tense-aspect-modality system can be mighty in different languages. Although English and Chinese are both realis/irrealis type languages, tense is a mighty category but realis/irrealis is not in English. In Chinese,realis/irrealis is a mighty category but tense-aspect-modality is not. The mighty realis/irrealis category in Chinese tends to expand to quantity category and possession category. The expression rules on the realis/irrealis of Chinese encoding forms with much more grammatical devices, such as tense-aspect particles, negatives,modality adverbs and auxiliaries, validate our hypothesis.

关 键 词：时-体-情态范畴化 有界 无界现实 非现实显赫与扩张 

分 类 号：H0-05[语言文字—语言学]