两汉魏晋南北朝时期苜蓿种植利用刍考  

Research on alfalfa planting in Han,Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties

作　　者：孙启忠[1] 柳茜 陶雅[1] 徐丽君[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古呼和浩特010010 [2]四川省凉山彝族自治州畜牧兽医研究所,四川西昌615042 [3]呼伦贝尔国家野外站,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《草业学报》2017年第11期185-195,共11页Acta Prataculturae Sinica

基　　金：中国农业科学院创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-IGR 2015-02);国家现代农业(牧草)产业技术体系(CARS-35)巴彦淖尔肉羊优质饲草高效生产关键技术集成与研究应用资助

摘　　要：采用文献考证法,对两汉魏晋南北朝时期的苜蓿名称与名实、苜蓿引种与种植分布、种植管理与利用等进行了考证。结果表明,自张骞通西域汉使引入苜蓿,其初名的文字不是现在"苜蓿"写法,而是"苜蓿"的同音异字或异音异字,汉使引入的苜蓿即为紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)。汉武帝命人在离宫别观旁种植苜蓿获得成功,后苜蓿传至民间,乃至遍于关中,进而在宁夏、甘肃乃至青海东部、内蒙古西部和新疆及黄河中下游等北方地区广为种植。东汉崔寔提出的苜蓿播种期和刈割期,为我国最早的苜蓿种植技术,到北魏贾思勰系统总结了水地、旱地苜蓿的种植管理及利用技术,为我国苜蓿的种植奠定了基础。在汉代,为了加强苜蓿的种植,还专门设置了苜蓿苑,用于苜蓿种植,并有专人负责。苜蓿除用于饲草外,在早春幼嫩时还可蔬食,并作为观赏植物常常被种在皇家园林中。从一些出土文物可知,苜蓿早在汉代就已成为商品在进行交易,征收苜蓿草是国家的大事,两汉魏晋南北朝时期种植的苜蓿为紫花苜蓿。汉代苜蓿的引进不仅丰富了我国农产物,而且来源记载清晰准确,是我国对世界苜蓿栽培史的重大贡献。A literature search was carried out covering the evolution of the Chinese name for alfalfa and the names for related species,the introduction of alfalfa into China and distribution within China,the early cultivation practices and the significance of alfalfa in ancient Chinese society.Records were accessed dating from scholar Sima Qian（born c.145 BCE）to the time of the Southern and Northern dynasties（420-589 CE）.According to the records located,alfalfa（Medicago sativa）was introduced to China from the Middle East early in the Han dynasty（c.200 BCE）and was at first called ＂目宿＂（Musu）,only becoming known as＂苜蓿＂（Mùxu）from the Tang dynasty（618-907 CE）.Initially the main use was as a feed for the imperial horses of which there were reportedly some 400000 in the early Han dynasty period.The imperial administration in the Han dynasty maintained an alfalfa nursery with an appointed official in charge and facilitated seed distribution.Young shoots of alfalfa were used as a vegetable in early spring,and alfalfa was also planted as an ornamental species in the imperial gardens.Thus alfalfa use became established within a few centuries from the Tarim basin in the west to Ningxia in the East and from Mongolia in the north to Qinghai in the south.The Northern Wei dynasty scholar,Jia Sixie（6 th century CE）summarized the cultivation,management and utilization practices for alfalfa in irrigated and dryland farming,and this consolidated alfalfa cultivation and utilization in China.The Eastern Han dynasty scholar Cui Shi（7 th century BCE）documented alfalfa sowing and cutting periods,indicating further development of alfalfa cultivation and utilization technology.From archaeological evidence,alfalfa was used for commodity trading from the early Han dynasty（c.200 BCE）.In conclusion,the introduction of Alfalfa in the Han dynasty enriched China＇s agricultural production,and the impact of alfalfa in China is described in clear and reliable historical records,which add an important

关 键 词：苜蓿 汉代 魏晋南北朝 种植利用 

分 类 号：S54-09[农业科学—作物学]