我国新型城镇化过程中的农村土地制度改革:权利安排与路径设计  

Rights Arrangement and Path Design of Rural Land Reform in China's New Urbanization

作　　者：马佳丽[1] 蔡翼飞[2] MA Jiali;CAI Yifei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院研究生院 [2]中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所

出　　处：《思想战线》2017年第6期140-145,共6页Thinking

摘　　要：农村土地制度改革是走新型城镇化道路的内在要求和必然选择,其基本目标是要实现土地收益分配公平与土地配置效率兼顾。土地制度包括土地所有权制度和土地产权制度,二者有着不同的理论渊源,前者来自欧洲大陆法系,后者来自英美普通法系。中华人民共和国成立后,我国的土地制度框架是在马克思主义所有权理论的指导下建立起来的,在某种程度上沿袭了欧洲大陆法系的原则。但大陆法系的土地所有制问题在于产权设置过于单一,难以调动劳动者的积极性,导致我国过去很长时间中农村土地利用效率比较低。而源于英美法系的西方产权思想倡导土地产权私有化和明晰化,虽能实现土地的高效配置,却无法解决土地集中和收益分配的两极分化问题,也不适合我国的基本制度和国情。因此,未来农村土地制度改革的出路在于,走土地所有权公有和土地产权明晰相融合的道路。这就需要建立和完善国家-集体两级土地所有制,以及建立现代化的新型农村土地合作社。前者是保障土地收益公平分配的制度基础,后者则是沟通土地公有和产权明晰的桥梁与组织基础。In China＇s New Urbanization,rural land reform is both the internal requirement of urbanization and an inevitable choice. The aim is to distribute land benefits equally and take into account the efficiency of land allocation. Land system consists of land ownership system and land property right system. The two systems have different theoretical sources. The former comes from European civil law system while the latter from British and American common law system. After the founding of PRC,China＇s land system was established under the guidance of Marxist ownership theories. In a sense,it inherited the principles of the civil law system. However,due to the singleness in property right setting,such a land system had difficulties arousing the enthusiasm of the laborers and for a long time resulted in low efficiency of rural land use in China. The property right theories from the common law system advocate the privatization and clarification of land property right. Although such a land system can allocate land efficiently,it can＇t prevent polarization in concentration of landholding and division of income. Thus,the system is also not suitable to the basic system and fundamental realities of China. The way out for future rural land system reform is to combine public ownership of land with clarification of land property rights. To do that,China must establish a two-level ownership system--public and collective--and a new type of modern rural land cooperatives. The former is the system foundation for guaranteeing fair distribution of land profits while the latter the bridge and organizational basis for linking public land ownership with clarification of land property rights.

关 键 词：新型城镇化 土地制度 土地所有制 土地产权制度 合作社 

分 类 号：F291[经济管理—国民经济]