人工选择下旱地小麦生长塑性与产量形成特征  

Growth plasticity and yield formation in dryland wheat( Triticum aestivum) under artificial selection

作　　者：刘英霞[1] 王建永[1] 程正国[1] Asfa Batool 祝英[1,2] 陈应龙 王静[1] 熊友才[1] LIU Ying-xia;WANG Jian-yong;CHENG Zheng-guo;ASFA Batool;ZHU Ying;CHEN Ying-long;WANG Jing;XIONG You-cai(State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems , Institute of Arid Agroecology , School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China;State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;School of Earth and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, the University of Wes- tern Australia, Perth 6009, Australia）.)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室/干旱农业生态研究所/生命科学学院,兰州730000 [2]甘肃省科学院生物研究所,兰州730000 [3]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [4]西澳大学地球与环境学院/西澳大学农业研究所

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2017年第11期3805-3814,共10页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：科技部国际科技合作项目(2015DFG31840);国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B04);教育部直属高校海外名师项目(Ms2011LZDX059);中央高校基本科研业务费重点项目(lzujbky-2015-br02)资助~~

摘　　要：旱地小麦在进化过程中经受了自然和人工的双重选择,其中人工选择在品种驯化和改良过程中扮演了关键的角色.本文综述了人工选择下旱地小麦进化特征、生理可塑性、形态可塑性和种群属性演变等几个相对独立、但又相互联系的问题,探讨了旱地小麦适应逆境胁迫的生理生态机理,并勾画了其进化路线.在旱地小麦从二倍体到六倍体的漫长进化历程中,自然选择对小麦适应外界环境起到关键作用;随着人工选择的介入,以产量为主要目标的性状选择不断得到强化,从群体上呈现适应逆境的形态特征.人工选择下旱地小麦的水分及养分利用效率不断提升,生物量分配呈现出地下部减少、地上部增加的分配特征,对密度胁迫和高温胁迫的耐受性不断增强,但单位面积光合速率呈逐渐降低趋势.旱地小麦生产是复杂的群体过程,而非简单的个体反应.人工选择提高了旱地小麦的种群适合度和个体繁殖分配,强化了与环境的协同性,却弱化了其自然种群属性.本文还对旱地小麦的进化图进行了描绘,对气候变化下旱地小麦育种和栽培管理提出几点建议.Dryland wheat has gone through double selections,including natural and artificial selection,in the evolutionary process. During this process,artificial selection played a key role in variety domestication and improvement. This paper summarized a few relatively independent but interrelated issues including evolutionary characteristics,physiological plasticity,morphological plasticity and population attribute transition in dryland wheat under artificial selection. It provided an overview on physiological and ecological mechanism of dryland wheat adapting to stress conditions,and an outline of wheat evolution route. In the long-term evolutionary history of dryland wheat from diploid to hexaploid,natural selection acted as a key role for wheat adaptation to stress environments. With the intervention of artificial selection, the yield-oriented phenotyping has been continuously strengthened,and morphological characteristics of wheat tended to display a fine adaptation to adverse environments at population level. As a product of artificial selection,water and nutrient use efficiencies were improved constantly,and biomass allocation pattern showed the characteristics of lowering below-ground parts and increasing above-ground parts. In the meantime,the tolerance to density and high temperature stresses tended to be enhanced,while photosynthetic rate per unit area was decreased gradually. Dryland wheat production was a complex population process,rather than a simple individual performance. Artificial selection increased population fitness and individual reproductive allocation in dryland wheat,which in turn strengthened its coordination with environment,but weakened its attributes of natural population. This paper also drew an outline of dryland wheat evolution,and provided a few suggestions for breeding strategies and cultivation management of dryland wheat under climate change.

关 键 词：旱地小麦 人工选择 生理塑性 表型塑性 进化 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]