集体土地所有权归属主体的实践样态与规范解释  

The Practice Forms and Normative Interpretation of Subject of Collective Land Ownership

作　　者：姜红利[1] 宋宗宇[1] Jiang Hongli;Song Zongyu

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院

出　　处：《中国农村观察》2017年第6期2-13,共12页China Rural Survey

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学重大攻关项目"农村土地股份制改革的理论探索与制度设计"(项目号:13JZD007);重庆市研究生科研创新项目"‘三权分置’政策背景下农村土地经营权流转法制构造研究"(项目号:CYB16050)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：集体土地所有权归属主体的理论研究与地方实践,存在将农民集体、农村集体经济组织、村民委员会三者等同混用的情形,其根源在于对农民集体的集体土地所有权主体地位认识不到位。农村集体经济组织与农民集体的主体混同,既是政策和法律变迁中本土概念与现代产权话语脱节的历史产物,又是解决农民集体无法独立行使所有权的无奈选择。但是,将二者等同为集体土地所有权主体并进行法人化改造的探索,存在集体土地所有权作为法人责任财产被转让的风险。如果禁止集体土地所有权成为法人的责任财产,则会违反法人以其全部财产对外承担责任的《公司法》规定。因此,农民集体是集体土地所有权的唯一主体,不宜直接进行法人化改造。农村集体经济组织是代表农民集体行使所有权的主体,不能被认定为集体土地所有权的归属主体,但作为特别法人可基于独立经营对外代表农民集体行使集体所有权。The confusion among farmers＇ collectives, collective economic organizations and villagers＇ committees in theoretical studies and practical explorations is due to the failure to recognize farmers＇ collectives as the subject of collective land ownership. The confusion between farmers＇ collectives and collective economic organizations results from a mismatch between native concept and the discourse of property rights, and serves as a practical choice to solve the problem of how to make farmers＇ collectives exercise collective ownership independently. However, risks may exist in the above-mentioned confusion. Either the rural collective ownership of land would have been circulated, or it would violate the rules of the Company Law, which provides that legal persons undertake civil legal liabilities with all of their properties. In conclusion, the subject of collective land ownership is different from the representative subject of enforcement of collective ownership. Farmers＇ collectives possessing the capacity as a subject of ownership should be the only subject of collective land ownership. Collective economic organizations cannot be deemed as the subject of collective land ownership. As a special legal person, it shall exercise the ownership on behalf of farmers＇ collectives in the sense of independent management and accounting.

关 键 词：特别法人 集体土地所有权 农民集体 农村集体经济组织 村民委员会 

分 类 号：D922.3[政治法律—法学]