从“王道”到“皇道”的近代转折  

“Kingship”Being Turned into“Emperorship”in Early Modern Age

作　　者：张崑将 

机构地区：[1]台湾师范大学东亚学系

出　　处：《外国问题研究》2017年第3期4-12,共9页FOREIGN HISTORY STUDIES

摘　　要：本文旨在分析日本从江户时代到战前有关"王道"与"皇道"之间的"转折"关系。本文所谓"转折",系指作为儒学的"王道"理念在江户时代有第一波的"转折",被注入了"神道"内涵而成为神儒结合之物,而在近代日本则又有第二波的"转折","王道"被渗入了"皇道"内涵而成为超越"王道"之超国家理想。"皇道"之理论,从幕末到1930年代也经历了以下三个时期,幕末水户学发展出"王道辅佐神道",神道为主,王道为辅,这个时期可称之为皇道的"萌芽期"。明治维新后,天皇权威透过祭、政、教三合一的国家神道权力系统,也出现海外扩张的殖民势力,明治天皇是有史以来皇权最为扩张的时期,该期可说是皇道的"酝酿期"。到了1932年伪满洲国成立之后,受到国务总理郑孝胥大呼"王道乐土"之刺激,并寄希望于日本,"皇道"成为"王道"的指道者,顺理成章迈入了"皇道"成熟期的阶段。本文认为无论"神道"或"皇道",均还需要"王道"作为对照理念,显见"王道"还是滋养与酝酿日本"神道"或"皇道"的"源流",但在日本近代转折成为自己本身的"原型"。This article inclines to analyze the transformative relationship between'kingship'and'emperorship'from the Edo period to pre-WWII.By the term'turn',this article illustrates that the Confucian notion of'kingship'had experienced the first wave of'turn'in the Edo period during which it had been infused with Shinto elements,becoming a synthesis of Shintoism and Confucianism.Then early modern Japan witnessed the second wave of'turn'by which the'kingship'was harmonized with the elements of'emperorship,'hence,an ultra-national theory transcending the original'kingship.'From the late Tokugawa period throughout the 1930s,the theory of'emperorship'also had the following three phases:first,during the late Tokugawa period,Mitogaku developed a'Confucianism-serving-Shintoism'theory,that is,Confucianism as an auxiliary assistance to Shintoism.This should be considered the'embryonic stage'of'emperorship;'second,with the Meiji Restoration,the Mikado's authority was also reflected in the overseas colonial power through the national Shintoist power system,a triad of religious,political,and educational powers.The reign of Meiji was a time when royal power expanded to its utmost extension as ever in Japanese history.This we regard as the'incubation stage'of'emperorship;'last,once Manchukuo was proclaimed in1932,through the stimulation of both prime minister Zheng Xiao-xu's cry for a'paradise of kingship'and the Manchus'expectation that Japanese'emperorship'served as the mentor of Manchu'kingship,'thus the'maturation stage'of'emperorship'came.Consequently,this article concludes that both'Shinto'and'emperorship'still need'kingship'to be a contrasted rationale,so apparently'kingship'remains an'origin'that nourishes or brews Shintoism or emperorship.Nevertheless,it was also transformed into the'prototype'of itself in early modern Japan.

关 键 词：王道 皇道 神道 转折 伪满洲国 水户学 

分 类 号：D731.3[政治法律—政治学]