华北典型区冬小麦区域耗水模拟与灌溉制度优化  

Simulation for Regional Water Consumption and Optimization of Irrigation Schedule for Winter Wheat in North China

作　　者：彭致功[1,2] 张宝忠[1,2] 刘钰[1,2] 蔡甲冰[1,2] 王蕾[1,2] 杜丽娟[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国水利水电科学研究院流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室,北京100038 [2]国家节水灌溉北京工程技术研究中心,北京100048

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2017年第11期238-246,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：中国水利水电科学研究院基本科研业务费专项(节基本科研KY1740);水利部公益性行业科研专项(201501016;201501017);流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室自主研究项目(2016TS06)

摘　　要：以经校验Aquacrop模型模拟了不同土壤条件下冬小麦水分与产量响应关系,结合北京大兴区土壤分布及其冬小麦实际种植情况,对模型模拟结果进行区域尺度拓展,以此为基础分析了研究区不同灌溉制度下冬小麦耗水量、产量及水分生产率的变化规律,并推荐了与华北地区水资源实际情况相适宜的冬小麦亏缺灌溉制度。结果表明:应用Aquacrop模型能较好模拟冬小麦生育期内土壤墒情和冠层覆盖度的动态变化过程及其生物量与产量情况,可利用经校验后的模型进行冬小麦水分与产量响应关系研究。灌溉定额在300 mm范围内,随着灌溉量增加,耗水量增大;在灌水次数相同条件下,灌溉日期不同,因蒸腾量变化导致耗水量差异显著。在相同处理下总体上降水多年份产量较高,而不同处理之间随着灌溉量增加产量增大;在灌水次数相同情况下,灌溉关键生育时段选择对冬小麦产量形成及水分生产率提高至关重要。以冬小麦增产提效为原则,在灌1水情况下重点保障拔节-抽穗阶段的需水;灌2水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水;灌3水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水。针对华北水资源严重短缺实际,建议北京大兴区冬小麦采用灌2水的亏缺灌溉制度,较灌4水情况下的灌溉量与耗水量分别减少140、65 mm,能确保75%产量。可见,在与华北类似的资源性缺水区域,选择适宜亏缺灌溉制度,能大幅降低区域灌溉量与耗水量,在稳定区域冬小麦产量及涵养地下水源方面具有重要的现实意义。The relationship between grain yield response of winter wheat and soil water under different soils was simulated based on the calibrated Aquacrop model,and the expansion at regional scale was conducted to the results from the model simulation,combined with the soil distribution and the actual planting of winter wheat in Daxing District,Beijing,on the basis of which the variations of the water consumption,the yield and the water productivity of winter wheat under different irrigation schedules were analyzed,and the deficit irrigation schedule for winter wheat that was suitable for the actual situation of the water resources in North China was recommended. The results showed that the application of Aquacrop model can better simulate the dynamic changeable process of the soil moisture and the canopy coverage during the growth period of winter wheat as well as the biomass and the yield,and the calibrated model can be used to study the relationship between grain yield response of winter wheat and soil water.When the irrigation quota was within the range of 300 mm,the water consumption was increased with theincrease of irrigation amount; under the condition of the same number of irrigation times,the difference of the water consumption was significant due to the variation of the transpiration amount since the irrigation date was different. Under the same treated conditions,the yield was higher in the years with excessive precipitation on the whole,while the yield was increased with the increase of irrigation amount under different treated conditions; with the same irrigation times,the selection of irrigation date for key growing stage was essential to the yield formation of the winter wheat and the increase of water productivity. Based on the principle of production-increasing and efficiency-improving of the winter wheat,in the case of the irrigation for one time,the key guarantee should be on the water demand for the jointing-heading-stage;in the case of the irrigation for two times,the key guarantee should be on the w

关 键 词：冬小麦 Aquacrop模型 产量 耗水量 水分生产率 亏缺灌溉制度 

分 类 号：S274[农业科学—农业水土工程]