灌溉定额对膜下滴灌春玉米土壤水热空间分布及产量的影响  

Effects of Irrigating Quota on the Farmland Soil Water-Heat Spatial Distribution and Yield of Spring Maize under Mulched Drip Irrigation

作　　者：王克全[1,2] 王国栋 梁飞[1,2] 曾胜和 

机构地区：[1]新疆农垦科学院农田水利与土壤肥料研究所,新疆石河子832000 [2]农业部作物高效用水石河子科学观测实验站,新疆石河子832000

出　　处：《河南农业科学》2017年第11期25-29,41,共6页Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(31460550);兵团科技攻关与成果转化计划项目(2016AC008)

摘　　要：为了确定新疆膜下滴灌春玉米适宜的灌溉定额,设置了4 200(T1)、4 800(T2)、5 400(T3)、6 000(T4)m3/hm24种灌溉定额进行田间小区灌溉试验,利用ET-60测定仪测定各处理下的土壤水分和土壤温度状况,研究了不同灌溉定额对膜下滴灌春玉米土壤水热空间分布及产量的影响。结果表明,玉米根系土壤湿润区随灌溉定额的增大而增大,当灌溉定额为4 800 m3/hm2时,仅能保持滴头下玉米根层10~30 cm土壤水分状况良好。土壤水分在水平方向运移距离较短,湿润区范围较小。灌溉定额在5 400 m3/hm2时,在垂直方向10~60 cm、水平方向0~30 cm土层均能保持较好的土壤水分状况,但当灌溉定额为6 000 m3/hm2时会出现土壤水分的无效深层下渗,因此灌溉定额为5 400 m3/hm2较适宜。土壤温度的空间分布状况与土壤水分的分布状况具有较强的负相关性,即土壤水分高的土层区域土壤温度较低,灌溉定额越大,对根系土壤温度的影响区域就越大。各灌水处理下的土壤温度分布在垂直方向上总体呈由高到低的变化趋势,其中,30~60 cm深度范围各灌水处理下水平方向分布较均匀,各灌水处理土层温度大小为T1>T2>T3>T4。穗干质量、茎干质量、叶干质量以及生物量总体随灌溉定额增大而增大,灌溉定额过低不利于玉米干物质积累。穗长、穗粗、行粒数和百粒质量与灌溉定额总体呈正相关,各处理穗行数无显著差异,籽粒产量也随着灌溉定额的增大而增大,灌溉定额为5 400 m3/hm2的处理产量最高,达18 697.5 kg/hm2。根据拟合的产量与灌溉定额的关系曲线,当灌溉定额为5 867 m3/hm2时,理论产量最高,可达19 798 kg/hm2。In order to ascertain the suitable irrigating quota under mulched drip irrigation for spring maize in Xinjiang, a field plot irrigation experiment with 4 irrigating quota treatments [ 4 200 （ T1 ） ,4 800 （T2）, 5 400 （T3） , 6 000 （ T4 ） m^3/ha ] was carried out. Soil moisture and temperature of all treatments were measured by ET-60 to study the effects of different irrigating quotas on the spatial distribution of soil water-heat and yield. The results showed that the soil humid area of maize roots increased with the irrigating quota. When the irrigating quota was 4 800 m^3/ha, soil moisture under 10 to 30 cm of maize root was in good condition. The spread of soil moisture in the horizontal direction was relatively short, and the wet area was small. When the irrigation quota was 5 400 m^3/ha, soil moisture condition showed good in both the vertical direction from 10 to 60 cm and the horizontal direction from 0 to 30 cm. When the irrigation quota was 6 000 m^3/ha, water would move into deep soil layer ineffectively. Hence the suggested irrigation quota was 5 400 m^3/ha. The spatial distribution of soil temperature had a strong negative correlation with the distribution of soil moisture, and the soil temperature would be impacted in more scale under higher irrigating quota. Distribution of soil temperature in the vertical direction under different irrigation treatments showed an overall trend of ranging from high to low, and the temperature in the horizontal direction of 30--60 cm was equally distributed which was T1 〉 T2 〉 T3 〉 T4. Dry weight of spike, stem,leaves and above-ground biomass increased with the irrigation quota, and low irrigating quota was harmful to the accumulation of maize dry matter. The spike length,ear diameter,row grains and 100- grain weight were positively correlated with the irrigation quota, however, ear rows of all treatments showed no obvious difference. The yield increased with the increase of irrigation quota. When the irrigating quota was 5 400 m^3/ha,spring maize

关 键 词：灌溉定额 新疆 膜下滴灌 春玉米 水热分布 产量 

分 类 号：S275.6[农业科学—农业水土工程] S513[农业科学—农业工程]