密奏与京控:嘉庆帝的“言路”及其疏通努力  

Secret Memorial and Capital Appeals——Jiaqing Emperor's “Avenue of Communication” and De-Hoodwinkings

作　　者：崔岷[1] 

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学历史文化学院,北京100081

出　　处：《暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）》2017年第10期112-123,共12页Jinan Journal(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：由于将乾隆末年以来政治衰退的关键原因归结为和珅擅权导致的上下"壅弊",嘉庆帝亲政后立即将"去壅弊"树为最为重要的一项帝王"治道",认为只有实现"下情无不上达",方能顺利施行"新政"中的各项"治术"。为此,嘉庆帝倡导"广开言路",先是鼓励官员积极上奏言事并扩大奏事官员的范围,继而下令受理所有士民的京控呈词,从而形成两条分别以官、民为载体的"言路",并在随后的实践过程中采取多种举措以维护两条"言路"传递"下情"的能力。嘉庆帝对官员密奏的鼓励和彻底放开京控不仅一度改变了官场气象,而且士民因遭受冤屈而产生的压抑和愤怒亦得到了释放的机会。嘉庆帝的"去壅弊"努力使他在相当程度上了解到了吏治民情的真实信息,并为其展开相应的整顿奠定了基础。虽然最终无力挽回颓势,嘉庆帝的积极行动却多少延缓了"国家的崩溃",从而对清帝国的历史产生了长远的影响。The key reason that the political recession during the late ruling of Qianlong was attributed to the hoodwinking caused by Heshen's domineeringness.Emperor Jiaqing established"dehoodwinking"as the key approach of governance as soon as he came into power.He believed that only by"making situations at lower levels known to the emperor"can his new policy be implemented to the greatest extent.To this end,Jiaqing advocated to"broaden the avenue of communication",he first encouraged officials to submit their memorials actively and expanded the number of Zoushi officials,and then he ordered all the capital appeals be accepted.Thus,two separate"avenue of communication"based on officials and common people were established and he took a variety of initiatives during his subsequent practice to maintain the capability of these two"avenue of communication"in conveying"situations at lower levels".Jiaqing Emperor's encouragement of secret memorials and the allowance of capital appeals not only once changed the officialdom but also provided opportunities to release people's repression and anger caused by the injustice.By"de-hoodwinking"approach,Jiaqing Emperor made information about officials'governance and the conditions of people known to him considerably and laid the foundation for his corresponding rectifications.Although failed in restoring the decline of the Qing Dynasty eventually,Jiaqing Emperor's positive practices somewhat delayed the collapse of the empire,leaving a long-lasting impact on Qing empire history.

关 键 词：嘉庆帝 “广开言路” 密奏 京控 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]