三峡库区不同阶段蓄水前后江面江岸冬季鸟类动态  

Status of Wintering Birdsalong the Changjiang River of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area before and after Different Water Storage Stages

作　　者：苏化龙[1] 肖文发[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所国家林业局森林生态环境重点实验室,北京100091

出　　处：《动物学杂志》2017年第6期911-936,共26页Chinese Journal of Zoology

基　　金：国务院三峡工程建设委员会与国家林业局项目(No.SX2004-025);林业科技支撑计划项目(No.2006BA003A1307)

摘　　要：2003~2013年的隆冬季节(2011年除外),对三峡库区长江主河道的重庆朝天门港-秭归茅坪港江段(全程约618.30 km)和12条一级支流(合计调查河道长度约619.49 km),以及2个湖泊(长寿湖65.5 km^2,大洪湖30 km^2;调查年份2000~2013年,2003和2011年除外),进行了水禽及傍水栖息鸟类的监测调查。观察统计到鸟类76种,隶属8目14科39属,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种,Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物3种。鉴于不同类群鸟类对环境变化的反应差别较大,将观察到的与水域生境密切相关的鸟类分为游禽类(32种)、鸥类(6种)、涉禽类(23种)、傍水栖息鸟类(13种)和空中傍水栖息鸟类[2种,以崖沙燕(Riparia riparia)为主体]等5种类型,并对各类群鸟类在三峡水库不同工程阶段蓄水高程前后的数量分布状况进行对比分析。结果显示,长江主河道中的游禽类在蓄水139 m高程前后数量波动幅度不大,蓄水156 m高程后表现出增长趋势,并且趋向于尾水点集中分布,直至最终蓄水目标175 m高程后的第5个冬季(2013年1月)数量猛增到最高,与蓄水139 m水位线前后的2个冬季(2003年1月和2004年1月)数量相比,增幅分别达171.83%和179.91%;然而2个湖泊中的游禽数值却表现出下降趋势,蓄水175 m高程后5个冬季(2008~2013年)与2000年冬季数值相比,降幅达52.96%~83.29%;大多数支流河道中的游禽数量呈现波动幅度不大或是明显下降趋势,只有乌江和小江这2条支流河道中的游禽数量呈现出增长趋势,并且小江中的游禽数量一度表现出"爆发式"增长现象后又大幅回落(2012~2013年),可能与水质富营养化程度的变化相关。涉禽类在长江主河道中的分布格局类似于游禽类(偏向于上游),其数量分别在蓄水139 m高程和156 m高程后的第1个冬季出现峰值,蓄水前后的其他年份数量差别不大;多数支流河道中涉禽类分布数量不高,只有嘉陵江、乌江、小江、大宁河与梅溪河的�In order to explore the influence of the Three Gorges Project on the wetland birds in the reservoir area, including the changes on diversity, distribution pattern and population quantity, and to provide comparative data of ecological environment after the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, from 2003 to 2013（except 2011）, we carried out a monitoring survey upon the birds′ distribution status during the middle of winter along the main river of the Changjiang River and the 12 primary tributaries, and in 2 lakes（from 2000 to 2013, except 2003 and 2011） of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.The Changjiang River in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is divided into different segments and the lengths are as follows： Chongqing（Chaotianmen Wharf）﹣Changshou（74.20 km）, Changshou﹣Fuling（47.80 km）, Fuling﹣Fengdu（52.80 km）, Fengdu﹣Zhongxian（63.90 km）, Zhongxian﹣Wanzhou（89.40 km）, Wanzhou﹣Yunyang（old town pier）（63.10 km）, Yunyang﹣Fengjie（64.00 km）, Fengjie﹣Wushan（40.40 km）, Wushan﹣Badong（56.50 km）, Badong﹣Zigui（Mao Ping Wharf）（66.20 km）, the whole journey is about 618.30 km. We also investigated 12 primary tributaries, their names and the length from the mouth to the upper reachesare as follows： Jialingjiang（56.90 km）, Mudonghe（11.60 km）, Wujiang（236.25 km）, Xiaojiang（69.00 km）, Tangxihe（30.00 km）, Modaoxi（22.80 km）, Meixihe（18.00 km）, Daxihe（14.10 km）, Daninghe（68.00 km）, Yanduhe（25.50 km）, Xiangxihe（31.79 km）, Jiuwanxi（12.82 km）. The total length of these tributary rivers is about 619.49 km. Two artificial lakes were also investigated, one is the Changshouhu Lake of 65.5 km2, about 22 km from the Changjiang River, built in 1956; the other is the Dahonghu Lake of close to 30 km2, about 17 km from the Changjiang River, built in 1958. The annual bird surveys were conducted during 8 th to 28 th in January. Observers made censuses of the birds at the front deck of a passenger ship by using hand-held bino

关 键 词：隆冬季节 鸟类状况 蓄水前后 三峡水库 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]