当代英国法中的表达自由及其限制  

Freedom of Expression and Its Limitations in Contemporary British Law

作　　者：展江 

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学国际新闻与传播学院

出　　处：《武汉大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2018年第1期56-66,共11页Wuhan University Journal：Philosophy & Social Science

摘　　要：二战以后,英国国内法融入了区域性和全球性国际法。1998年,英国国会引入《欧洲人权公约》,更好地保障了新闻媒体的表达自由权。由1999年雷诺兹案引出的"公共利益特权"抗辩,被推广到与公共利益相关的新闻报道,促进了媒体的自由报道。英国媒体的表达自由,曾明显受到两方面限制。一是"有条件收费安排"的胜诉费制度,让败诉媒体支付高昂费用,造成媒体报道的"寒蝉效应"。二是"诽谤旅游"即择地行诉,令非英国籍的当事人倾向于向有管辖权且易打赢诽谤官司的英国法院提起诉讼请求,从而限制媒体的表达自由。英国制定的《2013年诽谤法》,对两大弊病作了防范,更好地适应了融合媒体时代。总体而言,从英国传播法理论和实践来看,保护表达自由是通则,限制是例外。Since WWII,British law has been integrated into international law,regional and global. In 1998,British Parliament introduced European Convention on Human Rights to UK,and afterwards expression freedom of news media has been protected more adequately. The defence of public interest privilege introduced by Reynolds case has been used in public interest-related news reporting,and it promoted free coverage of media. In the nearer past,expression freedom of British media was limited by two major factors. One was ＂conditional fee arrangement＂,and under the system media had to pay expensive legal costs,leading to chilling effects. The other is so-called ＂libel tourism＂or forum shopping,and it attracted foreigners to file lawsuits to the courts in UK which were usually friendly to accusers in defamation cases,and expression freedom of news media was abridged. Defamation Act 2013 tries to avoid the above two malpractice and conform to the age of media convergence. To sum up,from the perspective of the theory or practice of British communication law,the protection of expression freedom is a general rule,and the limitation of it is the exception.

关 键 词：英国法 《欧洲人权公约》 英国《人权法》 表达自由 《2013年诽谤法》 

分 类 号：G206[文化科学—传播学]