十月革命前俄国北方海航道开发历史探析  

Analysis of the Development History of Russian Northern Sea Route before the October Revolution

作　　者：徐广淼 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学中国边界与海洋研究院 [2]武汉大学国家领土主权与海洋权益协同创新中心

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2017年第5期58-86,共29页Russian Studies

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金第60批面上资助项目(项目批准号:2016M600607)“中俄在北方海航道的合作研究”;武汉大学2017自主科研项目(人文社会科学)“中俄两国海路运输战略演变比较研究”的阶段性成果;“中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金”资助;教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(项目批准号:16JZD029)“世界海洋大国的海洋发展战略研究”;教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(项目批准号:14JZD032)“中国参与极地治理战略研究”的阶段性成果

摘　　要：在十月革命前的三个多世纪里,俄国对北方海航道展开了持续不断的探索。17世纪,"北方海航道"概念开始形成,18世纪的北方大考察,极大地推动了俄国人对北方海航道沿线的地理认知。19世纪下半叶,科学技术的进步与国内政治环境的变化,使俄国开始尝试航道的商业利用。经过几个世纪的探索,俄国基本掌握了北方海航道的地理全貌,并最终实现了这一海上通道的全线通航。其北方海航道的贸易政策也逐渐由保守转向开放。十月革命之前俄国对北方海航道的探索成果,已经确立了苏联在航道地理认知、航行技术上的国际领先地位,并首次以对外声明的方式宣示了在北极的主权立场,从而为苏联时期继续开发北方海航道,明确提出航道的管辖权主张打下了基础,奠定了俄在航道管辖权问题上的传统主导地位。In the three odd centuries before the October Revolution, Russia explored continuously the Northern Sea Route. In the 17th century, the concept of ＂the Northern Sea Route＂ has emerged. While the Arctic Scientific Expedition in the 18th century greatly enriched Russian＇s geographic perceptions towards the Northern Sea Route. In the second half of the 19th century, with rapid development of science and technology, together with changes in domestic political climate, Russia started to develop commercial values of the Northern Sea Route. After several centuries＇ exploration, Russia has, on the whole, mastered the geographical profile of the Northem Sea Route while finally achieving full navigation of this sea passage. Its trade policy also changed from conservatism to openness. Russia＇s exploration of the Northern Sea Route before the October Revolution has established the Soviet Union＇s pioneering status on the global stage in geographical perceptions of routes and navigation technologies. Meanwhile, it was also the first time that Russia claimed its sovereignty in the Arctic, laying a solid foundation for the Soviet Union＇s continuing developing the Northern Sea Route, proposing clearly to its governance power of the route and settling Russia＇s traditional dominance in governing the route.

关 键 词：北方海航道 北极 科学考察 岛屿主权 

分 类 号：D751.2[政治法律—政治学]