我国主要粮食作物化肥增产效应与肥料利用效率  

Fertilizer Use Efficiencies and Yield-increasing Rates of Grain Crops in China

作　　者：闫湘[1] 金继运[1] 梁鸣早[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《土壤》2017年第6期1067-1077,共11页Soils

基　　金：中国-加拿大国际合作项目"中国持续农业发展中的养分与肥料管理"资助

摘　　要：总结了我国19个省13 667个地块施肥调查结果和22个省的32个养分监测村田间试验结果,分析研究了我国三大粮食作物化肥施用状况、增产率和化肥利用效率。结果表明,水稻、小麦和玉米施肥量分别为294.8、263.6和269.6 kg/hm2,氮肥增产率分别为28.4%、30.9%和26.4%,磷肥增产率为9.2%、14.3%和12.2%,钾肥增产率为11.1%、7.1%和11.0%;氮肥利用率分别为27.3%、38.2%和31.0%,磷肥利用率为13.0%、16.9%和15.3%,钾肥利用率为28.1%、25.6%和30.5%;氮肥农学效率分别为11.3、11.1和10.1 kg/kg,磷肥农学效率为9.1、7.9和9.8 kg/kg,钾肥农学效率为7.2、5.6、8.1 kg/kg。按当时的农业生产条件和产量水平,氮肥过量施用约占25%~40%,施用不足占10%~25%。我国谷物氮肥利用率低于同期世界平均水平20%~30%左右,氮肥农学效率与世界平均水平相比均低10%左右。中国粮食生产高投入并没有实现高利用效率,化肥减量增效是施肥调控政策的首要目标。In this paper, the fertilization data of 13 667 farmlands in 19 provinces and the data of field experiments in 32 nutrient monitoring points in 22 provinces were collected and analyzed to study the fertilizer rates, yield-increasing rates, fertilizer use efficiencies （FUE） and agronomical efficiencies （AE） of grains in China. The results showed that fertilizer rates of rice, wheat and maize were 294.8, 263.6 and 269.6 kg/hm2, respectively. Yield-increasing rates of N were 28.4%, 30.9% and 26.4%, P were 9.2%, 14.3% and 12.2%, K were 11.1%, 7.1% and 11.0%, respectively. FUEN were 27.3%, 38.2% and 31.0%, FUEp were 13.0%, 16.9% and 15.3%, FUEk 28.1%, 25.6% and 30.5%, respectively. AEN were 11.3, 11.1 and 10.1 kg/kg, AEp were 9.1, 7.9 and 9.8 kg/kg, AE^cwere 7.2, 5.6 and 8.1 kg/kg, respectively. The excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer accounted for about 25%--40% while the insufficient application for about 10%-25% under the production conditions at that time. FUEN and AEN were 20%-30% and 10% lower than world average levels, respectively. High fertilizer input of China＇s grain production did not achieve high fertilizer use efficiency, thus, it is the primary goal to reduce fertilizer rate and to improve fertilizer use efficiency for fertilization policy in China.

关 键 词：肥料利用效率 增产率 施肥量 粮食作物 

分 类 号：S147.2[农业科学—肥料学] S147.5[农业科学—农业基础科学]