顶首银:明代书吏顶充之探讨  

Dingshou yin(顶首银): An Investigation of the Succeeding of Positions of Shuli(书吏) in Ming Dynasty

作　　者：范金民 张彭欣 

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《史学集刊》2018年第1期4-13,共10页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大招标项目"江南地域文化的历史演进"(10&ZD069)

摘　　要：明代中央和地方衙门书吏前后顶补,世代相袭,吏役期满出让吏缺时,责令补缺之人出备"替头钱",或称"替顶钱"、"顶头钱",即顶首银,此种做法自明中期起各衙门普遍存在,具体事例较为常见。顶首银畅行其道,而且与时俱进,行情看涨,自数十两增至数百数千以至上万两。明代书吏顶补时不但承顶者付以顶首银,而且顶补与出顶双方需要约请中见人,签订顶首文契,并且存在事后找价的现象。明代书吏顶首银之所以禁革无效,既因书吏承充制度规定不完善难以切实操作,也因书吏生涯渐由绍兴地方人群所把持垄断,更因明中后期官场恶浊腐败。官场窳败才是书吏世代承袭顶首银大行其道日益抬高的根本原因。In the Ming and local governments is pay money for it calling Dynasty, the position of Shuli （书吏, officials who unde handed down through generations. When someone wan Dingshou yin（顶首银）. Such practices are popular sin the price is getting higher and higher. reason why it is hard to forbid Dingsho the officialdom corruption that resulted rtake documents） both in central ts to fill up a vacancy, he must ce the mid- Ming Dynasty, and When the succeeding takes place, there should be an intermediary. The u yin is that the official system is imperfect and impractical. In fact, it is in the chaotic phenomena in succeeding of position of Shuli.

关 键 词：明代 书吏 顶充 顶首银 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]