对立的充分性和最大对立环境——从兰银官话的四声调说起  

Complete set of contrast: Evidence from the four tones in Lanyin Mandarin

作　　者：陈保亚[1] 张婷 

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言学研究中心 [2]北京大学中文系

出　　处：《中国语文》2018年第1期3-14,共12页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：基于严格语音对应的汉语与民族语言关系字专题研究(国家社科基金重点项目;13AZD051);基于中国语言及方言的语言接触类型和演化建模研究(国家社科基金重大项目;14ZBD102);2016:语义地图与西北方言工具范畴研究(陕西省社会科学基金一般项目;2016K022)

摘　　要：从田野调查的角度看,过去依据单字定调类不具有充分性。为充分贯彻对立原则,需要找出调类最大对立环境,然后根据最大对立环境中对立的数量来确定调位。单字原则是双字原则的特殊情况,即双字组合中的另一个字为零。兰银官话应该为四声调方言,双字组出现的四声调对立并不是连读变调的结果,而应该是本调的保留。有些地方声调在单字调和部分双字调中合并,并不等于兰银官话只有两个声调或三个声调。From a fieldwork perspective, it is not sufficient to determine the tone category of a Chinese dialect by observing its citation tones. The identification of a phoneme must adhere to the principle of phonemic contrast,which means two sounds must be identified as two different phonemes as long as there is a contrast between them in a language or a dialect.In order to fully implement this principle, the studies on identification of the tone phoneme must be based on the number of contrast in the maximum condition manifesting a complete set of contrast. The tone of a monosyllable is a special case of the tone of a disyllable, in which the other syllable is numbered as zero. This paper argues that Lanyin Mandarin has four tones. The tones for a disyllable are not variations of tone sandhi, but the reservation of their original tones.

关 键 词：声调 兰银官话 音位归纳 最大对立环境 

分 类 号：H172.2[语言文字—汉语]