土壤温度和有机肥对黄瓜生长及养分吸收利用的影响  

Effect of Soil Temperature and Organic Manure on Growth,Nutrient Uptake and Utilization of Cucumber

作　　者：闫秋艳[1,2] 董飞[2] 杨峰[2] 段增强[1] 王嫒华[1] 汤英 李汛 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院南京土壤研究所,土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,江苏南京210008 [2]山西省农业科学院小麦研究所,山西临汾041000

出　　处：《华北农学报》2017年第6期222-228,共7页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica

基　　金：山西省农业科学院博士研究基金项目(YBSJJ1504);国家科技支撑计划项目(2014BAD14B04);土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室开放课题(Y20160019)

摘　　要：为研究有机肥处理在不同土壤温度条件下养分有效性及植株养分吸收能力,采用大田小区试验,研究了不同土壤温度(对照不加温(10±2)℃和加温(20±2)℃)及有机肥(对照无有机肥、鸡粪有机肥和猪粪有机肥)对黄瓜生长、根系特征及养分吸收的影响,并对土壤理化性状及脲酶活性的特征进行了分析。结果表明,施用有机肥(鸡粪和猪粪)可以抵御低土壤温度对黄瓜生长的不利影响,使黄瓜正常开花结果,提高土壤温度可以使这种促进作用更加明显。加温土壤比不加温可使鸡粪处理的黄瓜产量提高44.33%,使猪粪处理的黄瓜产量提高31.08%;另外,加温土壤还改善了黄瓜果实的品质,使果实可溶性蛋白和果皮叶绿素含量增加,并减少了果实内硝酸盐积累;提高土壤温度使黄瓜根系干物质量提高,根系表面积、根长和根尖数等增加,对养分吸收增加。根系在低土壤温度下做出适应性响应,根系平均直径增大,根系变粗;提高土壤温度使土壤脲酶活性增加,有效促进了有效氮养分的转化。因此,冬季反季节栽培中,施用有机肥同时提高土壤温度可为黄瓜安全高效生产提供保障,同时可提高植株对养分吸收利用。In order to investigate the nutrient available of manure under different soil temperature condition and nutrient uptake ability of plants,a field experiment was carried out to study the effects of soil temperature and different fertilizer treatments on physico-chemical properties and urease activities in the soil as well as cucumber growth.Two levels of soil temperature（no heating as control（10 ± 2） ℃ and heating at（20 ± 2） ℃） and three levels of fertilizer treatments（no manure ＋ urea（CK）,chicken manure ＋ urea（CMC）,swine manure ＋ urea（SMC）） were designed in the experiment.The results showed that applying chicken and swine manure could resist low soil temperature negative effect on cucumber growth and ensure the normal blossom and fruiting,and soil heating enhanced this promoted action.Compared with CK,heating soil improved cucumber yield by 44.33% in chicken manure and31.08% in swine manure.In addition,heating simultaneously improved fruit soluble protein and pericarp chlorophyll contents,and also decreased nitrate accumulation in fruits.Elevating soil temperature increased cucumber root dry quality,root surface area,root length and root tip numbers.It indicated higher intercepted areas could make the plant absorbing more nutrients.Root at low soil temperatures showed adaptability action to enhance root average diameters and roots thickness.Furthermore,elevating soil temperature improved soil urease activities and facilitated a-vailable nutrients transformation.So,in winter out of season cultivation,application of manure and elevating soil temperature could ensure cucumber efficient production and increased fertilizer utilization efficiency.

关 键 词：黄瓜 土壤温度 有机肥 理化性质 根系特征 

分 类 号：S642.2[农业科学—蔬菜学] S143[农业科学—园艺学]