两汉至隋唐州牧的演变  

Evolution of Zhoumu from Eastern and Western Han Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties

作　　者：魏俊杰[1] 

机构地区：[1]衢州学院中国哲学与文化研究中心,浙江衢州324000

出　　处：《唐都学刊》2018年第1期86-94,共9页Tangdu Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目:"两晋十六国地名研究"(14CZS011);中国博士后科学基金特别资助项目:"两晋十六国地名研究"(2014T570385);浙江省"之江社科青年学者"人才计划(G127)

摘　　要：自两汉至隋唐,不同时期的"州牧"之称有各自深刻的政治内涵。汉献帝以前,随着州部的长官获取领兵权,作为监察官的刺史逐渐演变为行政官的州牧。汉末皇权丧失,军事权力地方化,遂使州牧成为割据一方的诸侯。三国时,皇权有所加强,州的长官拥有领兵权,一般视其领兵轻重而任以刺史或州牧。晋初皇权强化,罢州郡兵,便省州牧,以刺史为州的长官。两晋南朝每当皇权旁落之时,州牧之称便复活,它往往成为掌握重兵的权臣之号。十六国时,统一的中央皇权丧失,军事权力分化,州牧的称号变得十分复杂。北朝隋唐时皇权强大,多以亲王为州牧,借此大号以强化对京畿地区的管辖而伸张皇权。汉至唐间州牧的演变,与军权的归属、皇权的强弱有密切的关系,是古代国家权力结构变化的反映。From the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Zhoumu had their own profound political connotations in different periods. Prior to Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, as prefecture governors obtained the military power, Cishi as supervisory officers gradually evolved into Zhoumu as administrative officers. In the late Han Dynasty, along with the loss of imperial power and the localization of military power, Zhoumu had become seigniors of the separate regimes. During the Three Kingdoms Period, because the imperial power was somewhat strengthened and prefecture governors obtained the military power. General- ly, according to the number of their military power, prefecture governors were appointed as either Zhoumu or Cishi. The imperial power was strengthened in the early Jin Dynasty, disarmament and withdrawal troops made the appointment of Zhoumou unnecessary. During the Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties and the Southern Dy- nasty, whenever the imperial power was weakened, the emperor would restore the military power and titles of Zhoumu and Cishi, who had massive troops under their control. In the Sixteen States Period, along with the loss of the central power and the differentiation of the military power, the title of Zhoumu became very compli- cated. During the Northern Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, the imperial power became stronger. Princes were mostly appointed as Zhoumu for strengthening the jurisdiction of the capital regions so as to expand the imperial power. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the evolution of Zhoumu had close rela- tionship with the attribution of the military power and the strong or weak imperial power, having reflected the change of the ancient national power structure.

关 键 词：州牧 刺史 皇权 军权 演变 

分 类 号：D691.42[政治法律—政治学] K2[政治法律—中外政治制度]