不同改良剂对黄土坡耕豆地水土及氮磷流失的影响  

Effects of different amendments on the yield of surface runoff and loss of nutrients along loess slope soybean farmland

作　　者：李虎军 王全九[1,2] 陶汪海 柴晶[1] 赵光旭[1] 

机构地区：[1]西安理工大学西北旱区生态水利工程国家重点实验室培育基地,西安710048 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国水土保持科学》2017年第6期117-125,共9页Science of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目"黄土坡地土壤养分随地表径流流失动力机制与模拟模型"(51239009)

摘　　要：土壤改良剂对改善土壤结构、减少土壤及养分流失有着重要意义。通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究在暴雨(100 mm/h)条件下,不同改良剂(聚丙烯酰胺PAM、羧甲基纤维素钠CMC和腐殖酸HA)对坡耕大豆地的水土和氮磷流失过程的影响。结果表明:与对照处理CK相比较,施用PAM和CMC后,均表现出减小入渗、增加径流的作用,分别较对照处理增加径流20.8%和12.1%;HA处理较CK处理径流量略微增加,但变化较小。施加改良剂对控制土壤侵蚀的效果均优于对照处理,减沙作用表现为PAM>CMC>HA,泥沙累积流失量分别减少34.8%、22.5%和7.9%。施用PAM和CMC在径流中后期,对铵态氮流失的抑制作用优于HA和CK;而施加改良剂对水溶性磷流失过程的影响并不明显,PAM处理的径流中,水溶性磷流失总量最大,约为对照处理的1.13倍。不同改良剂处理的土壤剖面铵态氮质量分数差异较大,但表层15 cm总体表现为PAM>CMC>CK>HA;HA处理促进大豆根系生长,增加了土壤渗透性及铵态氮的淋溶深度。土壤有效磷主要集中在表层10 cm土壤内部,10 cm以下质量分数极低。改良剂在黄土坡耕地的施用,对减少土壤侵蚀和控制养分流失方面能够发挥一定作用,可为改良剂的合理选择和施用提供科学指导。[Background]Soil erosion caused by rainfall contributes significantly to land degradation and nonpoint source pollution in the Loess Plateau. The application of soil amendment agent may improve soil structure and promote crop growth,which is of significance to reduce soil erosion and improve soil fertility. [Methods] In order to clarify the influence of three different amendments（ Polyacrylamide（ PAM）,sodium carboxymethyl cellulose（ CMC）,and humic acid（ HA）） on characteristics of surface runoff,sediment transport and nutrients losses on soil water and the distribution of nutrients in soil profile of soybean（ Glycine max L.） fields during the heavy rainstorm（ rainfall intensity was 100 mm/h）,a stimulated rainfall experiment was performed at Changwu State Key Agro-Experimental Station on the Loess Plateau. [Results] Compared with CK（ without soil amendment）,the application of PAM andCMC amendments reduced soil infiltration capacity and increased surface runoff,and the total runoff amount increased by 20. 8% and 12. 1% respectively while HA had no significant influence on surface runoff. By comparison,three soil amendments had effects on reducing sediment yield. The sediment yield were reduced by PAM,CMC and HA,and the reduction rate were 34. 8%,22. 5% and 7. 9%,respectively. Hence,PAM worked best in reducing rainfall erosion. PAM and CMC had a better performance in inhibiting ammonium nitrogen losses than that of the HA and CK in the middle and late stage. There was no obvious effects of soil amendment on soluble phosphorus loss,but PAM treatment resulted in a highest loss of soluble phosphorus which was 1. 13 times amount of CK. There was a highest ammonium nitrogen loss under CK condition, followed by PAM, CMC and HA. The content of ammonium nitrogen at the depth of 15 cm was the highest under PAM treatment condition,followed by CMC,CK and HA. And HA increased the leaching depth of ammonium nitrogen. In addition,soil available phosphorus was mainly concentrated in the inner 10 cm of su

关 键 词：改良剂 黄土坡地 养分流失 模拟降雨 作物 

分 类 号：S157[农业科学—土壤学]