应重视硝态氮同化过程在降低土壤硝酸盐浓度中的作用  

Role of Microbial Assimilation of Soil NO_3^- in Reducing Soil NO_3^- Concentration

作　　者：程谊[1] 黄蓉[1] 余云飞 王慎强[1] 

机构地区：[1]土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室(中国科学院南京土壤研究所),南京210008 [2]江苏省农业委员会,南京210036

出　　处：《土壤学报》2017年第6期1326-1331,共6页Acta Pedologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41671231;41571294);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0200106;2017YFD0800103)资助~~

摘　　要：在保证生产力条件下,采取合理的氮肥管理措施降低土壤硝态氮浓度对降低氮污染至关重要。当前,应用硝化抑制剂能够有效延缓铵态氮的硝化速率,进而降低土壤硝态氮淋溶损失和氮氧化物排放,但是其缺点显而易见:促进氨挥发并引起硝化抑制剂污染。好氧条件下,土壤硝态氮净变化量取决于产生(硝化)和消耗(硝态氮同化)的量。但是,一直以来,受微生物优先利用铵态氮这一传统观点的影响,人们普遍认为农田土壤微生物较少利用硝态氮,很大程度上忽视了对硝态氮同化过程的研究。该过程独具优势,它将硝态氮转变为微生物生物量氮进行短期储存并发生再矿化,具有保氮功能且环境友好。加入特定的碳源可以提高硝态氮同化这已是不争的事实,未来应加强硝态氮同化降低土壤硝酸盐累积方面的研究:(1)外源碳影响硝态氮同化的微生物驱动机制是什么?(2)怎样才能操控硝态氮同化和再矿化过程,使得作物氮需求和土壤氮供应相匹配,进而降低氮损失?(3)在碳源充足的条件下,反硝化作用亦会增强,如何才能做到在提高硝态氮同化的同时避免反硝化氮损失?NO3^- accumulation in the soil would trigger N losses through runoff,leaching and N2O emission. It is,therefore,of particular importance to take appropriate nitrogen（N）management strategies to reduce soil NO3^- accumulation,and hence to enhance N use efficiency and reduce N losses to the environment. Application of nitrification inhibitor（NI）has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing soil NO3^- concentration,NO3^- leaching and N2O emission,and simultaneously increasing crop yield. However,there is an indisputable fact that NI application increases ammonia（NH3）emission and causes NI contamination. As a matter of fact,soil NO3^- concentration varies with NO3^- generation（nitrification）and consumption（assimilation）rates in aerobic conditions. Under the influence of the viewpoint that soil microbes prefer NH4^＋-N for their growth,it is commonly held that soil microbes rarely use NO3^- in farmlands. Consequently,the study on processes of soil microbial NO3^- assimilation has been neglected to a certain extent. The process of soil microbial NO3^- assimilation is found to be unique in advantage. It turns NO3^- into microbial biomass N for temporary storage before mineralization to be available to crops for a longer season or crops in the following season. There is no doubt that soil microbial NO3^- immobilization is stimulated by specific extraneous C input,which deserves more attention in future studies concerning how to reduce soil NO3^- accumulation. Further studies should primarily focus on the following several aspects：（1）to elucidate mechanism of the microbe driving NO3^- assimilation under elevated C availability,（2）to explore how to control microbial assimilation and remineralization of NO3^- to match soil N supply with crop N demand and reduce N losses,and（3）to explore how to avoid stimulating denitrification and associated N losses while enhancing microbial NO3^- assimilation under the condition of sufficient C supply.

关 键 词：硝态氮累积 硝态氮同化 硝化抑制剂 碳源 

分 类 号：S153[农业科学—土壤学]