受害人特殊体质与损害赔偿责任的减轻——最高人民法院第24号指导案例评析  

Victim's Special Constitution and Mitigation of Liability for Damages

作　　者：程啸[1] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《法学研究》2018年第1期67-86,共20页Chinese Journal of Law

摘　　要：最高人民法院第24号指导案例引出了一个很重要的侵权法问题,即当受害人的特殊体质与侵权行为结合共同造成或扩大了损害时,能否减轻侵权人的赔偿责任。在判断受害人的特殊体质能否减轻加害人赔偿责任时,应当先分析作为客观要件的因果关系,再研究受害人的特殊体质能否被评价为受害人的过错。受害人特殊体质、加害行为与损害之间存在三种类型的因果关系,前两种属于共同因果关系,但有所区别,而第三种属于假设因果关系。不同类型的因果关系对于加害人的赔偿责任影响不同。而受害人的特殊体质不应当被评价为受害人的过错,受害人也不因有特殊体质而被施加更高的自我照顾保护义务,否则不利于保护人格平等、维护自由以及控制风险。Guiding Case No. 24 of the Supreme People＇ s Court raises a very important issue of tort law, that is, whether the tortfeasor＇ s liability for damages can be mitigated if the damages are caused or aggravated by the combined effect of the victim＇ s special constitution and the infringement. To determine whether the victim＇ s special constitution can mitigate the tortfeasor＇ s liability for damages, it is necessary to first analyze the causal relationship as an objective element, then examine whether the victim＇ s special constitution can be judged as the victim＇ s fault. There are three types of causal rela- tionship between the victim＇ s special constitution, the act of infringement, and damages. In the first type of relationship, the victim has some special constitution that, combines with the tortfeasor＇ s act of injuring, results in the victim＇ s loss of life. In other words, if the victim had no such special con- stitution, the tortfeasor＇ s act would not have resulted in the victim＇ s death, but only constitute an in- fringement on the victim＇ s right to health. In the second type of relationship, even if the victim had no special constitution, the act of injuring alone is usually enough to infringe upon the victim＇ s right to health. However, the damage is aggravated by the victim＇ s special constitution. In the third type of relationship, prior to the act of assault, the victim＇ s special constitution would necessarily result in the victim＇ s disability or death, but the tortfeasor＇ s act surpassed the special constitution and a- chieved this result in advance. The first two relationships belong to common causal relationship, but there are differences between them ; and the third relationship is hypothetical causal relationship. Dif- ferent types of causation have different effects on the liability for damages. The victim＇ s special con- stitution should not be evaluated as the victim＇ s fault and the victim should not be imposed a higher obligation of self-care and

关 键 词：损害赔偿 特殊体质 因果关系 受害人过错 过失相抵 

分 类 号：D926.21[政治法律—法学]