皇天与上帝之间:从殷周之际的天命观说文王受命  

Between Heaven and God:King Wen's Acceptance of the Mandate of Heaven in Perspective of Shang and Zhou Destiny Concept

作　　者：李忠林 

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院,教授天津300350

出　　处：《史学月刊》2018年第2期34-43,共10页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：2017年国家社会科学基金后期资助项目"商周兵制研究"(17FJS002);2016年南开大学"百名青年学科带头人培养计划"项目(ZB16008702)

摘　　要：所谓受命,是周人为了争取其他方国和部族的拥戴而发动的一场政治造势运动。与殷商王朝以上帝为至上神而排斥天神不同,周人强调敬天,但也接纳上帝,目的是为了争取更多方国和部族的支持。文王受命肇端于"太姒之梦",周原庙祭甲骨表明,为了祈请商远祖策命文王代商,周人进行了祭祀。随着受命之君文王的离世,周人的这场政治造势运动受到很大的冲击。"文武受命"和"武王受命"表述的出现,彰显了受命主体身份的转换,武王时期的祥瑞吉兆集中出现在观兵孟津这一军事行动的过程中。而金文中的"文武受命"则到了共王时期,这或许与周初分封时所形成的文王、武王、周公三支宗法势力在西周中期以后的分化有关。The so-called acceptance of the mandate of heaven was that the ruler of Zhou launched a political ballyhoo campaign in order to strive for support of other states and tribes.Unlike Shang's worshiping god and rejecting heaven,Zhou stressed not only worshiping heaven,but also accepting god,the purpose was to gain more support from other states and tribes.The origination of King Wen acceptance of the mandate of heaven is Taisidream.According the story,Zhou Yuan temple sacrifice bones showed that the King of Zhou held a sacrifice to pray for remote ancestors of Shang in the hope of his promising to replace King of Shang by himself.With the death of King Wen who had accepted the mandate of heaven,the political ballyhoo campaign had been impacted greatly.The expression of Kings Wen and Wu,or King Wu acceptance of the mandate of heaven manifests the conversion of the identity of subject.The auspicious sign and good omen in the period of King Wu concentratedly occurred in the military action of review troops at Mengjin.Furthermore,the time about King Wu acceptance of the mandate of heaven appeared in inscription is in King Gong period,may be related to the differentiation of three patriarchal clan forces including King Wen's,King Wu's and Duke zhou's in the middle of Zhou,which were knighted in the beginning of the dynasty.

关 键 词：天命 政治造势 文王受命 文武受命 

分 类 号：K224[历史地理—历史学]