油滴实验计算元电荷的简明方法  

A concise method on analyzing data from Millikan oil-drop experiments

作　　者：朱鹤年[1] 郭旭波[1] 常缨[1] 朱美红[1] 肖志刚[1] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学物理系,北京100084

出　　处：《物理实验》2018年第2期22-26,30,共6页Physics Experimentation

摘　　要：针对从油滴电荷量实验值Q_i求元电荷e的问题,提出了基于最小一乘法的过原点直线拟合模型,给出了较完整的元电荷算法步骤,提出了近似考虑Qi的B类不确定度之后元电荷扩展不确定度的扩展算式.将本方法用于计算他引文献中的20组181个实验数据,初步检验了方法的可行性.20组数据的残差汇总分析揭示了残差分布显著偏离高斯分布的特点,进一步说明了本文方法的合理性.A method to analyze the measured data Q_i from Millikan oil-drop experiments and to determine the value of the elementary charge,e,was presented.A linear regression model to force the regression line to pass through the origin,Qi=eni,was used.The regression process and the determination of the value of the elementary charge based on least absolute deviations was proposed and presented in detail.The formula for evaluating the expanded uncertainty was also given on account of the type B uncertainty of Qi.The method was validated by analyzing 181 published data from 20 references.The residuals of the published data deviated much from normal distribution,which further demonstrated the effectiveness of the method.

关 键 词：元电荷 最小一乘法 直线拟合 不确定度合成 

分 类 号：O441[理学—电磁学]