外来传染病与美国历史早期印第安人人口的削减  

Infectious Diseases from the Old World and the Decline of the American Indian Population in Early North America

作　　者：丁见民[1] 

机构地区：[1]南开大学世界近现代史研究中心

出　　处：《世界历史》2018年第1期96-106,共11页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金项目<传染性疾病与美国早期社会研究>(项目编号:14BSS016);教育部重点研究基地重大项目<美国历史上的社会转型研究>(项目编号:16JJD770027)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：随着欧洲人、非洲人源源不断地来到北美大陆,"旧世界"的各种传染病接踵而至,通过跨大西洋航行、贸易、战争和定居等殖民活动,被传播到美国历史早期的印第安人中间,并呈现出高发病率和高死亡率两大特点。这些传染病导致印第安人人口的急剧减少,成为引发美国早期土著人口减少的重要因素之一。不过,外来传染病之所以造成印第安人人口的长期持续减少,主要还在于殖民主义的作用与影响。白人殖民者的各种殖民活动改变了北美印第安人社会的生态环境系统,便利了各种疾病的传播和暴发,也削弱了土著民族应对外来疾病的能力,创造了外来传染病在印第安人中肆虐并大量致死的外部条件。With the advent of the Europeans and Africans,various infectious diseases from the Old World,including smallpox,measles,plague,and yellow fever ,crossed over the Atlantic Ocean through voyage,trade,war,colonization,settlement,etc. These diseases spread quickly among the native Indians in early North America,which showed two characteristics,namely,the high morbidity and high mortality.The long-term decline of the Indian population caused by these diseases was one of the major factors resulting in the depopulation of Indian tribes.The fundamental reason why these diseases became a decisive‘biological factor’for the destiny of the American Indians lies in the non-biological factors brought by the European colonialism.The colonial activities of the whites changed the ecological system of the Indian societies and weakened the ability of the American Indians to resist these diseases,facilitating the spread and outbreak of various diseases.It was therefore the whites who created the necessary conditions of spread and outbreak of infectious diseases from the Old World.

关 键 词：美国早期史 印第安人 外来传染病 殖民主义 印第安人人口 

分 类 号：K712[历史地理—历史学]