基于农户尺度的木薯产量差及生产限制因素分析  

Analysis of Yield Gap and Limiting Factors for Cassava on the Farmland

作　　者：梁海波[1,2] 黄洁[1] 魏云霞[1] 陆昆典[3] 刘翠娟[4] 

机构地区：[1]中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所农业部木薯种质资源保护与利用重点实验室,海南儋州571737 [2]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [3]广西武鸣县农业技术推广中心,广西武鸣530100 [4]广西合浦县农业科学研究所,广西合浦536100

出　　处：《云南农业大学学报（自然科学版）》2017年第6期975-984,共10页Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University:Natural Science

基　　金：国家现代木薯产业技术体系的栽培管理岗位基金(CARS-12-hnhj);中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所非营利性科研机构改革专项启动费资助项目(PZSFYL-201620)

摘　　要：【目的】为解析木薯产量差的产生机制及生产限制因素,找出缩减产量差的途径。【方法】通过农户调查方法,对广西武鸣县和合浦县的木薯产量差进行研究。【结果】25%最低产农户的平均种植密度和连作年数均显著高于其余农户;仅25%最高产农户的氮磷钾肥配比符合木薯长期定位肥试推荐配比,其余农户的N、K_2O比例均低于推荐施肥配比,且25%最高产农户的K_2O施用量显著高于其余农户;45%以上农户存在过量施肥现象,平均节肥量可达127.50 kg/hm^2,磷、钾、氮肥的节肥潜力分别为43.58%、16.26%、15.00%;肥料效益偏低,仅4.26%~6.32%农户达到高产高效水平;鲜薯单产达79.63 t/hm^2时,产投比最高,其后出现报酬递减,人工成本尤其收获和田间管理环节成本过高是产量差的主要限制因素。【结论】缩减木薯产量差的途径为:合理密植,连作年数不宜超过3年;遵循"大配方小调整"和"连作年限越长,氮钾配比越高"的施肥原则,增施氮钾基肥,追肥时减氮增钾,总量上减施磷肥、控施氮钾肥;优化产投结构,提高木薯生产全程机械化程度。[ Purpose ] Our aim was to analyze the cause of yield gap and its limiting factors of cassa- va, and then to explore measures to narrow the gap. [ Method ] The yield gap of cassava both in Wuming and Hepu Counties of Guangxi Province was studied in this research. [ Results ] The results showed that average planting density and continuous cropping years of 25% the lowest yield farmer were significantly higher than those of other farmers. Only 25% the highest yield farmers＇ N, P2O5, K2 O ratios were fitted for recommended fertilization ratio of long-term fertilization trial, and the other farmers＇ N, K2 O ratios were lower than this ratio, also 25 % the highest yield farmers＇ K2 O applica- tions were significantly higher than those of the other farmers. More than 45% farmers had excessivefertilization, the average saving amount of fertilizer was 127.50 kg/hm2 , the saving potentials of phos- phate, potassium and nitrogen fertilizer were 43.58% , 16.26% , 15.00% , respectively. The fertiliz- er efficiency was low, only 4. 26% - 6. 32% farmers reached a high yield and high effieieney. The in- vestment/yield ratio reached the maximum when the yield reached 79.63 t/hm2, after that, it showed diminishing returns with the increasing of yield. The cost of labor, especially spending on the harvest and management was the main limiting factors for yield gap. [ Conclusion ] Therefore, we have four suggestions for nmTowing the yield gap of cassava. （ 1 ） Reasonable planting density. （2） The years of continuous cropping should not be more than three years. （3） The principles of fertilizer application should be in accordance with ＂tiny adjustment based on fertilization formula＂ and ＂if that longer con- tinuous year of cropping is, the ratio of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer is higher＂, it recommending that, more nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer in basic fertilization, less nitrogen fertilizer and more potassium fertilizer in top-dressing fertilization, and to decrease phosphorus fertilize

关 键 词：木薯 产量差 连作 密度 施肥 经济效益 

分 类 号：S114[农业科学—农业基础科学] S533