美国铁路业的兴衰及其影响因素  

The Rise and Fall of American Railroads and Contributing Factors

作　　者：付美榕 

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学英语学院美国研究中心

出　　处：《美国研究》2018年第1期127-142,共16页The Chinese Journal of American Studies

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目"中外一流大学经济史教学模式比较研究"(项目批准号:2017JJ028)的部分成果

摘　　要：在19世纪的工业化浪潮中,铁路业曾拉动美国经济一路领跑并跃居世界首位。如今,相较于其他交通工具的繁荣,美国的铁路客运明显落后,但铁路货运仍在美国经济中发挥着举足轻重的作用。从1830年至今,美国的铁路业经历了繁荣、衰落与复兴三个阶段。这一演变过程主要表现为三个特征:其一,美国政府对19世纪铁路业发展所采取的态度既不是放任自流,也不是大包大揽,而是有限且有效地介入;其二,美国的高速公路系统是政府主导的"计划经济"的产物,体现了美国政治经济传统中的"国家利益至上"原则;其三,美国的高铁梦想成为泡影的根本原因,在于决策机制分散和利益集团的诉求不同。During the second world industrial revolution,railroads,as a trigger industry,had propelled the United States’s rise as the premier industrial country by the end of the 19th century.Today,though the U.S.passenger train service is sluggish when compared with highway and air transportation,its freight railroad operations play a significant role in driving the country’s economic growth.Since its inception in 1830,the U.S.railroad industry has fluctuated as a result of the politics and economics of the time.The early period of U.S.railroads witnessed a moderate and effective role of the federal government in supporting railroad construction.By contrast,the interstate highway system,largely as a defense project initiated by President Dwight Eisenhower,was funded totally by the U.S.government,epitomizing its utmost concern about U.S.national security during the Cold War.The limitations on furthering America’s high-speed rail plans over the years,particularly during the Obama administration,is ironically a result of its democratic decision making process under the two party system.

关 键 词：美国经济 铁路业 高速铁路 兴衰史 影响因素 

分 类 号：F537.12[经济管理—产业经济]