热过载锂电池失控特性及其早期探测模式研究  

Study on the lithium battery thermal runaway characteristics under overheating and the detection mode on battery fires

作　　者：张磊 张永丰 黄昊 曹丽英 胡成 

机构地区：[1]公安部上海消防研究所,上海200438

出　　处：《消防科学与技术》2018年第1期55-58,共4页Fire Science and Technology

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAG07B01);国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAG17B02);上海市火灾事故物证分析与安全评估专业技术服务平台能力提升项目(16022292600)

摘　　要：为提高消防部门应对锂电池火灾时的灭火救援能力,开展了热过载条件下三元锂、锰酸锂及磷酸铁锂电池的热失控试验,发现三元锂及锰酸锂电池的热失控特性较为类似,依次经历了"变形—冒烟—火星四溅—着火"四个阶段,而磷酸铁锂电池仅冒出大量白烟,未发生燃烧;对锂电池热失控逸出的气体进行了分析,发现锂电池特别是磷酸铁锂电池热失控会产生大量CO、H_2、CH_4、C_2H_2、C_2H_4、PF_5等有毒有害烟气,消防部队在扑救此类火灾时,必须引起高度警惕。在此基础上,探讨了锂电池火灾的早期探测报警模式,提出了气体探测作为锂电池火灾探测主要指标的较优方案。In order to improve the rescue capabilities of the fire de partment to deal with lithium battery fires, the thermal runaway characteristics of NCM ternary lithium battery, LiMn204 lithium battery and LiFeO4 lithium battery under overheating were studied by an electric heater. Simultaneously the decomposition gases were analyzed. As the result shows, the NCM ternary lithium battery and LiMn204 lithium battery showed the similar thermal runaway characteristics which both caught fires. Inversely only an amount of white smoke was produced druing the LiFeO4 lithium battery ther mal runaway with no flame. What＇ s more, a lot of toxic gases such as CO2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4 and PF5 were produced during all three lithium batteries especially the LiFeO4 thermal runaway because of no combustion, which must be caught great concern by the fire department. On the basis of thermal runaway characteristics, the detection mode of the lithium battery fire was discussed. The characteristic gas detector should be used for lithium battery fires more appropriately.

关 键 词：锂电池 热失控 热分解气体 火灾探测 

分 类 号：X924.4[环境科学与工程—安全科学] TP277[自动化与计算机技术—检测技术与自动化装置]