耕作方式与施肥对旱农区粮饲兼用玉米耗水特性和干物质积累的影响  

Effects of tillage and nitrogen on water consumption and dry matter accumulation for arid region grain and forage maize

作　　者：张明君 李玲玲[1] 谢军红[1] 任金虎 Lamptey Shirley 

机构地区：[1]甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070 [2]延安市农业科学研究所,陕西延安716000

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2018年第1期179-185,共7页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：973计划项目(2012CB722902);国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B04-3)

摘　　要：采用大田试验,在全膜双垄沟播技术的基础上,比较研究了4种耕作方式(T1:传统翻耕,T2:旋耕,T3:深松耕,T4:免耕)搭配2种施氮水平(N2:施纯氮200 kg·hm^(-2),N3:施纯氮300 kg·hm^(-2))下对玉米耗水特性和干物质积累的影响。结果表明:与施氮量相比,耕作方式对耗水量和土壤贮水消耗量影响显著;深松耕降低了玉米播种至拔节期的阶段耗水量,提高了拔节至灌浆期的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例;播种至拔节期深松耕较传统翻耕0~30 cm土层的贮水消耗量减少了35.3%,拔节至开花期和开花至灌浆期,30~110 cm土层贮水消耗量增加了54.2%和20.5%;玉米不同生育时期各器官的干物质积累量都表现为深松耕+施纯氮300 kg·hm^(-2)最高,是生物产量和籽粒产量最高的处理,深松耕+施纯氮300 kg·hm^(-2)和深松耕+施纯氮200 kg·hm^(-2)处理间差异不显著;免耕+施纯氮200 kg·hm^(-2)处理的水分利用效率最高,与深松耕+施纯氮300 kg·hm^(-2)处理相比差异不显著。在综合考虑高产以及对水分和肥料的高效利用的条件下,基于全膜双垄沟播技术,深松耕+施纯氮200 kg·hm^(-2)是陇中旱农区适宜的生产方式。Field experiments were conducted to study and compare the effects of four tillage methods combined with two nitrogen levels on water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation on maize. The treatments were: T1( conventional tillage),T2( rotary tillage),T3( sub-soiling) and T4( no tillage) with two nitrogen levels( N2: 200 kg·hm^(-2) mineral nitrogen,N3: 300 kg ·hm^(-2) mineral nitrogen,arranged in a randomized complete block design. The results showed that compared with the nitrogen,tillage methods had a great effect on water consumption amounts and water reduction amounts. Sub-soiling treatment was beneficial to reduce water consumption from sowing to jointing stage and increase water consumption and water consumption percentage from jointing to grain filling stage. Sub-soiling compared with conventional tillage at 0 ~ 30 cm soil layer reduced water by 35. 3%from sowing to jointing stages. Similarly,at 30 ~ 110 cm soil layer the amount of water reduced increased by 54.2%and 20.5% from jointing to flowering and flowering to grain filling stage. Maize dry matter accumulation at different development stages,biological yield and grain yield were highest under treatment of sub-soiling + 300 kg · hm^(-2) mineralnitrogen. Sub-soiling+300 kg·hm^(-2) mineral nitrogen had no significant difference compared with sub-soiling+ 200 kg·hm^(-2) mineral nitrogen. Water use efficiency( WUE) was highest in no tillage+200 kg·hm^(-2) mineral nitrogen,however,there were no significant difference between no tillage + 200 kg·hm^(-2) mineral nitrogen and subsoiling+300 kg·hm^(-2) mineral nitrogen. Therefore,considering improved yield,water use efficiency and the use of fertilizer,sub-soiling+200 kg·hm^(-2) mineral nitrogen under Complete Film Surface Plastic Mulching and DoubleRidge-Furrow technology may be considered as suitable in the Western Loess Plateau.

关 键 词：耕作方式 全膜双垄沟播 深松耕 耗水量 干物质积累量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]