青藏高原牦牛颈动脉体研究  

A Study on the carotid body of yak (Bos grunniens) at the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

作　　者：吴天一 刘凤云[1] 马岚 

机构地区：[1]青海省高原医学科学研究院省部共建高原医学研究国家重点实验室,青海西宁810000 [2]西藏大学医学院高原医学研究中心,西藏拉萨850000 [3]兰州大学基础医学院病理研究所,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《高原科学研究》2017年第1期67-75,103,共10页Plateau Science Research

基　　金：科技部973前期项目(2012CB722506)

摘　　要：目的:研究青藏高原牦牛颈动脉体(carotide body,CB)组织形态结构和低氧相关的基因表达,探讨牦牛以及高原其他生物的慢性低压低氧适应模式。方法:采集海拔3250~4580m牦牛CB,并采集了海拔2800~3200m的高原迁饲黄牛及海拔1300m左右的平原黄牛的CB以示比较,所有取得标本按病理学光镜及电镜检测的要求作组织固定、切片、染色后进行光镜和电镜比较观察,并对颈动脉体中低氧相关因子的表达进行免疫组化的分析。结果:相比低海拔黄牛和高原迁饲黄牛,牦牛CB体积最小,低海拔黄牛CB为牦牛的2.0倍,高原迁饲黄牛CB为牦牛的2.3倍,三种牛的CB形状均呈扁圆形或不规则形。相比平原黄牛,牦牛CB体积、形态及主细胞数量与海拔高度无显著性差异。牦牛CB主细胞中明细胞、暗细胞和固缩细胞的数量百分比比例为67.1%:28.2%:4.7%,迁饲黄牛为78.5%:18.6%:2.9%,低海拔黄牛为87.3%:10.2%:2.5%。在细胞形态学上牦牛与低海拔黄牛相似,牦牛CB少部分明细胞胞浆透亮,暗细胞胞核染色质较致密并有较多颗粒,而迁饲黄牛CB大部分明细胞胞浆透亮,暗细胞胞核染色质致密,未见较多颗粒,三种牛支持的细胞形态未见显著性差异。从组化基因表达上看,三种牛CB中HIF-1α、NOS、Leptin的蛋白表达无显著性差异,其中牦牛和低海拔黄牛CB中Leptin的蛋白表达无差异,迁饲黄牛有增加趋势,而牦牛和迁饲黄牛CB中EPO的蛋白表达阳性率显著高于低海拔黄牛。结论:高原低氧环境下颈动脉体增大是人类和动物的共同表现,而且往往是一种习服-适应不良的标志;牦牛CB的暗主细胞占绝对优势和主细胞嗜锇体呈显著的重氮染色反应,使得牦牛有极高的通气水平,从而在低氧下获取更多的氧;在高原低氧环境的生物进化中,不同的物种对环境的应激往往会出现类似的适应性特征,在高原"自然选择的优胜者"往往会出现类同的生物学适应Objective A study on the structure, tissue morphology, and gene expression with the carotid body of yaks from the Tibetan plateau was conducted in order to explore the pattern of adaptation to chronic hypoxic environment.Methods Yak CB from 3250-4580m elevation, migrated plateau cattle from 2800-3200m, and lowland cattle from 1300m were collected. Based on pathology, light microscopy and electron microscopy were used to conduct tissue fixation, sectioning, and staining of samples. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to express relevant factors in relation to the hypoxia CB. Results Comparing with low elevation cattle and plateau migrated cattle, the CB of Yak had the smallest volume. Low elevation cattle had 2.0 times larger volume than yak, while plateau migrated cattle had 2.3 times larger volumes. The shape of CB is uncertain. Comparing the CB volumes in low elevation cattle and yak showed no significant difference in numbers or ceils with increasing elevation. The percentages of light, dark, and pyknotic cells of yak CB compared to migrated and 4.7% while low land cattle percentages were 87.3%, 10.2%, and 2.5%. As to cell cattle were 67.1%, 28.2%, morphology, there was sim- ilar morphology between yaks and low land cattle. The cells of the yak had clear cytoplasm and denser particle while the CB of migrated cattle had clear cytoplasm with fewer particles. There were no variation among the three species related to the expression of protein with HIF-1α, NOS and Leptin, and no significant difference in the expression of the protein Leptin in the CB between yaks and low land cattle. However, the paper found the expression of the EPO protein of yaks and migrated cattle to be higher than lowland cattle. Conclusion Based on plateau hypoxic environment, increasing size of CB is common. The findings from the research on the CB of yak showed that more oxygen is needed under a hypoxic environment. The stress reaction is shown by the adaptation of species to a hypoxic of plateau environment.

关 键 词：牦牛 平原黄牛 高原迁饲黄牛 高原低氧环境 颈动脉体 

分 类 号：TH743[机械工程—光学工程]