青藏高原史前人类定居历史与藏族人群对高原低氧环境的适应机制  

The prehistoric human settlement history of the Tibetan Plateau and the adaptation mechanism of Tibetan population to the plateau hypoxia environment

作　　者：崔超英[1] 祁学斌[2] 欧珠罗布[1] 吴天一 宿兵[2] 

机构地区：[1]西藏大学医学院高原医学研究中心,西藏拉萨850000 [2]中国科学院昆明动物研究所遗传资源与进化国家重点实验室,云南昆明650223 [3]青海省高原医学科学研究院,青海西宁810000

出　　处：《高原科学研究》2017年第1期76-82,共7页Plateau Science Research

基　　金：科技部973计划项目(2012CB518202);国家自然科学基金项目(91231203;31321002;91631306;31671329;31371269;31460287;31525014);西藏大学珠峰学者人才发展支持计划(藏大字[2015]96号)

摘　　要：青藏高原由于其低氧环境而成为人类居住的最极端环境之一,世代居住于青藏高原的藏族居民已对高原低氧极端环境产生了最佳的生理适应。文章结合国内外有关高原适应研究的最新进展,对西藏大学高原医学研究中心在青藏高原史前人类定居历史与藏族人群对高原低氧环境的适应机制两个方面的研究进展进行了总结。指出,自2010年以来,国内外科学家已经初步鉴定了EPAS1与EGLN1这两个低氧通路关键基因的主要功能位点,并揭示了EPAS1与EGLN1在高原藏族人群中主要是通过下调其表达水平来维持高原低氧环境中的相对较低的血红蛋白浓度,进而降低高原红细胞增多症带来的风险,且藏族人群通过调控血红蛋白浓度来适应高原低氧环境的调控机制在海拔4500m以上的极限高海拔低氧环境中不再有效。Due to low oxygen environment on the Tibetan Plateau （TP）, TP becomes one of the most extreme environment for human habitation. Tibetan who resident on the TP for generations have established optimum physiological adaption to the extreme environment of hypoxia. Based on the latest progress of the research on high-altitude adaptation at home and abroad, in this paper we summarized the research progress on the prehistoric human settlement history of the Tibetan Plateau and the adaptation mechanism of Tibetan to plateau hypoxia environmerit which were conducted by the High-Altitude Medical Science Research Center in Tibet University. It is pointed out that since 2010, scientists at home and abroad have preliminarily identified two key genes of hypoxic pathways i.e. EPAS1 and EGLN 1 which are playing important roles in adaptation to high altitude hypoxia in Ti- betan populations. And it is revealed that comparing to inhabitants on the TP who migrated from lowland, EPAS1 and EGLN1 of native Tibetan population who settled on the TP for generations mainly maintain a relatively low hemoglobin concentrations under the plateau low oxygen environment by lowering their gene expression level, and thus reduce the high altitude red blood cell increase risk. Furthermore, it is also indicated that the plateau hypoxia environment regulation mechanism of Tibetan population is likely no longer effective at the altitude above 4,500 m.

关 键 词：藏族人群 高原适应 EPAS1 EGLN1 

分 类 号：Q981[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]