刑事职业禁止司法适用疑难问题解析  

Research on the Judicial Difficulties of Criminal Occupation Prohibited

作　　者：曹波[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心

出　　处：《刑法论丛》2017年第1期193-222,共30页Criminal Law Review

基　　金：中国人民大学2015年度拔尖创新人才培育资助计划成果

摘　　要：立足中国刑法的刑事制裁格局以及条文体系安排，刑事职业禁止欠缺刑罚的形式要件和实质根据，无法归结为刑罚方法，应属于非刑罚处置措施。刑法典中没有保安处分的存在空间，刑事职业禁止本身缺乏保安处分的某些基本属性和本质特征，难以肯定其法律性质为保安处分。在司法适用时，只要前罪与职业具有直接关联性，其行为与职业要求、职业特征具有内在的密切关系，就有适用的可能，无需准确界定是“利用职业便利实施”．还是“违背职业要求的特定义务”。“犯罪情况”的考察目的是厘清行为人的犯罪行为与其所从事的职业之间内在关联性的具体表现。考察“预防再犯罪的需要”不应局限于被适用者已显现的人身危险性，而须将对刑罚执行效果的评估和预测纳入。职业禁止的具体内容应作限制解释．将其限缩为原有职业类型。竞合关系的化解应坚持并行适用说．分别由人民法院依据《刑法》第37条之一宣告刑事职业禁止，由主管部门主体依据其他法律法规作出行政性职业资格限制或禁止。Based on the pattern of criminal sanctions and system arrangement in China＇s criminal law, the Criminal Occupation Prohibited, lacking of the formal and substantive requirements of the penalty method, should be confirmed as the non-penalty punishment measure. Security measures has no existence of space in criminal law in China and the Criminal Occupation Prohibited lacks some basic attributes and essential features of security measures, so it is difficult to confirmed the Criminal Occupation Prohibited as security measures. In the judicial application, the key is the direct and internal association between accusation and the occupational characteristics. It is not necessary to require accurate definition like ＂ using professional convenient implementation ＂ and ＂against the professional requirements of the specific obligations＂. The purpose of ＂crime circumstance＂ is to clarify the relationship between offender and the manifestation of the career. Anticrime should not be limited to the personal dangerousness, and the assessment and prediction of executing penalty should be considered. The Criminal Occupation Prohibited should be limited in the original professional types. The decision of punishments should be collateral. The court announces the Criminal Occupation Prohibited, and the competent department makes the Administrative Occupation Restrictions decided according to regulations.

关 键 词：刑事职业禁止 非刑罚处置措施 职业直接关联性 并行适用 

分 类 号：D924[政治法律—刑法学]