欺诈:违约、侵权抑或犯罪?——以民刑边界理论为中心展开  

Fraud： Breach of Contract, Tort or Crime --From the theory of limits of criminal law

作　　者：杨春然[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国石油大学(华东)法律系

出　　处：《刑法论丛》2017年第1期276-307,共32页Criminal Law Review

基　　金：作者主持的青岛哲学社会科学规划项目“最后手段原则规则化视野下的欺诈问题研究”(QDSKL1601041);山东省检察院理论研究课题“公司注册资本调整对相关罪名的影响”(SD2014B01)前期成果

摘　　要：欺诈有时被认定为违约、有时被认定为侵权，甚至有时被认定为犯罪，民刑边界理论很难提供合理的解释。违约与履行合同义务都是当事人的自愿选择，相对于国家，属于权利的范畴。欺诈是一个建立在心理要素基础上的关系概念，其与违约的区别乃在于行为人是否有“欺诈的意图”。在民法的范畴内，该要素通常由间接证据支撑，但刑法对此是不能容忍的。这样．如将欺诈入罪而成为诈骗禁止，则会与证据法发生矛盾。另外。诈骗禁止所保护的法益很难摆脱具体被害人的态度，其之适用有时还会与民法发生冲突，有悖于“法秩序统一性原则”，故诈骗禁止是一个理论未成熟、立法技术水平较低的规范。立法者不熟悉市场交易规则，导致诈骗禁止具有开放性，而将违法性意识视为是诈骗罪的构成要件要素，则会使寻找市场交易规则的负担转移给作为市场主体的被告人，因为其比法官更了解市场。而且这还能在一定程度上缓解诈骗禁止与罪刑法定原则的紧张关系。The question of fraud, which may be breach of contract, tort, even crime, but the theories of limits of criminal law cannot answer it reasonably. The breach of contract is the right of the parties, because the contract is stipulated voluntarily. However, the objective representations of fraud is as same as the breach of contract, the fraud need the other circumstantial evidences to prove that the defendant had never to complete his/her promises on concluding the contract or escaped the duty of the contract. In fact, due to the fraud being a relational concept that lies on the subjective elements, the rechtsgut that the crime of fraud to protect cannot be objective, principled or insulated from the victim, or is against the principle of unity of law and order and the last resort. Therefore, the theories of the limits of criminal law that lie on the rechtsgut cannot answer the reasons why the fraud is criminalized or not, and it cause the prohibition of fraud is open. From above, the crime of fraud is undertheorised. In order to relax the intensive relationship between the rule and the principle of legality, the crime of fraud requires not only the act causing the damages without remedies with the civil law, but also the consciousness of wrongdoing, the representations of which is concealment.

关 键 词：欺诈 违约 诈骗罪 侵权 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]