疼痛的身体政治——分娩止痛观念的历史演变  

The Body Politics of Pain:Changing Historical Perspectives of Pain Relief in Childbirth

作　　者：唐文佩[1] 吴苗 张大庆[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学医学人文研究院,北京100191 [2]中国科学院自然科学史研究所,北京100190 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2018年第2期65-71,共7页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目:"医学化"理论及其对中国当代医学困境的哲学阐释(16CZX021)

摘　　要：自古以来,分娩疼痛被看作是一种自然现象。19世纪中叶,随着麻醉技术的发展,出现了是否应该在分娩中使用麻醉止痛的争论,女性将之奉为解除疼痛的福音,宗教界认为止疼违背神的旨意而反对之,医学界内对其必要性和安全性意见不一。在维多利亚女王的示范作用下,无痛分娩术在欧美得到公众的认同。20世纪初,无痛分娩因临床应用弊大于利,医学界认为应停止,但在第一波女性主义浪潮的推动下,女性认为止痛是自身的一种权利。20世纪60年代,在医学技术批判的浪潮中,家庭分娩运动强调自然分娩体验的重要性,疼痛是成为母亲的象征性荣耀,体现了母性的神圣与伟大。20世纪90年代后,由于在后现代思潮的影响下,关于分娩疼痛的观念再次发生转变,突出了女性经验的多样性和差异性,是否止痛应该尊重女性的个性化选择。作者认为,分娩止痛,或是不止痛,不仅取决于止痛技术的发展,也取决于医学界和公众对于产痛价值的判断,以及女性自身意识的觉醒。In ancient times, the severe pain experienced in the process of childbirth was seen as a natural phenomenon. In the middle of the 19th century, a debate about whether pain relief should be used in childbirth came along with the development of anesthesia. Although the medical profession did not reach an agreement on the necessity and safety of anesthesia and there was endless religious opposition to its use in childbirth, women thought it a great blessing in the age, and it finally gained public recognition with the exemplary promotion of Queen Victoria. In the beginning of the 20th century, the so called ＂twilight sleep＂ sparked a new heated debate. Although the medical authority deemed that it did more harm than good and should be abandoned, women regarded it as a political right they need to fight for under the influence of the first wave of feminism. In the 1960s, accompanied by the rise of medical technology criticism, the homebirth movement stressed that pain was an important part of the delivery experience, which means giving birth without asking for pain relief was a glorious behavior that could reflect the sacredness and greatness of motherhood. In the 1990s, under the impact of postmodernism, the idea of pain relief in childbirth changed again, claiming that childbirth experience was different from one woman to another, and that their own choice should be respected. This article argues that not only does the use of pain relief in childbirth depend on the progress of anesthesia, but also on the medical community＇s and the public＇s judgment of the value of pain as well as women＇s consciousness of control of their own body.

关 键 词：分娩 疼痛 麻醉 女性主义 

分 类 号：N0[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]