睡虎地秦简与授田制研究的若干问题  

Some Issues Concerning Research on the Shuihudi Bamboo Slips and the Qin Land Distribution System

作　　者：晋文[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学历史系,教授南京210097

出　　处：《历史研究》2018年第1期158-177,共20页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目"秦汉简牍史料中的土地制度研究"(13AZS004)研究成果之一;中国社会科学院重大研究项目<中华思想通史>(封建社会编);江苏省一级学科重点学科南京师范大学中国史项目的资助

摘　　要：睡虎地秦简发现后,授田制研究成为改写中国古代史的重大课题之一。许多学者据此认为,授田制的性质是土地国有,也有学者仍主张是土地私有,但都存在证据不足的问题。总体而言,授田制应是土地国有制向私有制转化的一种形式。以往对"入顷刍槀"、"盗徙封,赎耐"、"部佐匿诸民田"、"封守"、"百姓不当老,至老时不用请"等等律文的解释,也大多存在误读。这些律文中的犯罪行为基本上都与土地所有权无关。秦及汉初的田租征收,实际有两个同时参照的租(税)率:一是税田占舆田的比例,即税田的亩数租率,这个租率是固定不变的;一是按农作物不同产量征收的级差租率,即产量租率,这个租率则是变化的。秦的授田虽然很少能看到有土地买卖和土地兼并现象,但根据《识劫(女冤)案》、"余夫"授田和普遍存在的债务关系,可以看出授田在家庭内部是允许部分继承和流转的,并存在着变相土地买卖。越来越多的研究已趋向于质疑或修正土地国有制论。With the discovery of the Qin Shuihudi bamboo slips,research on the land allocation system(shoutian zhi)became a major topic in the reassessment of ancient Chinese history.Many scholars argue that the land in the shoutian zhi was state-owned in nature,but others claim it was privately owned.However,neither claim is supported by the evidence.Overall,the land system was a form of transition from state land ownership to private land ownership.The previous interpretation of some legal texts,such as 入顷刍槀(paying chugao taxes)盗徙封,赎耐(unauthorized movement of land boundary marks will be punished by forced shaving according to law),部佐匿诸民田(officials concealing the true size of people's land holding),封守(declaration of forfeiture) and 百姓不当老,至老时不用请(lying about age)are misreadings;the criminal acts in these legal texts are basically unrelated to land ownership.In the Qin and early Han,the collection of land taxes in fact used two simultaneously operative land tax rates:one taxed land as a proportion of distributed land,that is,the tax was based on area,and was fixed and unchangeable;the other was the differential land tax or grain tax,which depended on crop yield and had a changeable rate.Although it is rare to see land sales or annexation in Qin land distribution,the Shijie Anshows that the distribution of land to"non-statutory persons"and widespread debt relationships indicate that the distributed land was allowed to be inherited in part and to be transferred within families,and that land sales existed in a disguised form.A growing number of studies have tended to question or revise the theory of state land ownership.

关 键 词：睡虎地秦简 授田制 土地所有权 田租征收方式 余夫 

分 类 号：K877.5[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]