类比推理:科学溯因中生成解释的逻辑手段  

Analogical Reasoning:Logical Means to Generate Explanations in Scientific Abduction

作　　者：金立[1] 孙健[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学哲学系,浙江杭州301128

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2018年第2期51-57,共7页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金资助项目:13BZX065

摘　　要：皮尔斯等人提出的肯定后件式推理无法揭示科学溯因解释的形成过程,一些学者因此认为科学溯因解释的形成过程属于逻辑视域之外的直觉或猜想。而事实上,科学溯因解释的形成过程必然包含推理,三个方面使我们合理地相信:类比推理是科学溯因中常用的逻辑手段。第一,相似性被视为类比推理的必要条件,也在溯因解释形成中具有重要作用。以相似性为桥梁,我们有理由相信类比推理是溯因解释生成的一种手段。第二,无论多么新颖或抽象的科学解释,其经由溯因的生成过程均离不开已有的经验系统。在以经验为基础的溯因解释形成过程中,类比推理可以有效地帮助在经验系统与新解释之间搭建桥梁。第三,溯因推理的结论是可废止的,而若将类比推理视为溯因解释的生成手段,则可废止性能够得到全面而合理的解释,科学的一次次演进也能得到充分有效的说明。"Affirming the consequence" which Pierce believes can present logic form of abductive reasoning and can factually not reveal the process of the formation of the causal scientific explanation. Therefore,some scholars think that scientific explanations come from intuition or conjecture,which go beyond the scope of logic. As a matter of fact,we believe that the formation process of scientific explanation is concerned with analogical reasoning for the following three reasons :first,the similarity is regarded as a necessary condition for analogical reasoning,and also plays an important role in the formation of an abduction explanation. With similarity as a bridge,we have reason to believe that analogical reasoning is a means of generating abductive explanation.Second,no matter how new or abstract scientific explanations are,their generation through abduction must root in the existing empirical system. Analogical reasoning can effectively help to bridge the gap between empirical systems and new interpretations.Third,the conclusion of abductive reasoning is defeasible. If analogical reasoning is taken as the generating means of abductive explanation,their defeasibility,as well as the successive evolution of science,can be fully and reasonably explained.

关 键 词：科学溯因 类比推理 相似性 经验性 可废止性 

分 类 号：B81[哲学宗教—逻辑学]