关于我国人工林长期生产力的保持  

On the Maintenance of Long-term Productivity of Plantation in China

作　　者：盛炜彤[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国林业科学研究院林业研究所,北京100091

出　　处：《林业科学研究》2018年第1期1-14,共14页Forest Research

摘　　要：为了保持我国人工林的长期生产力和提高森林质量,达到可持续经营的目的。作者在以往研究工作的基础上,广泛收集了国内外有关成果与资料,概括论述了我国人工林森林生产力的现状、不能保持生产力的原因与机理以及长期保持人工林生产力的技术对策。按第八次清查的全国森林资源数据,每公顷蓄积量为89.79 m^3,其中天然林为104.6 m^3,人工林为52.76 m^3,人工林森林生产力明显低于天然林;我国优势树种人工林每公顷蓄积量也不高,如杉木为69.8 m^3,马尾松为56.2 m^3,落叶松为58.6 m^3,这些数据比日本2002年3月公布的人工林相似树种的数据低很多,如日本针叶树蓄积量为227.97 m^3·hm^(-2),柳杉为295.83 m^3·hm^(-2),落叶松为189.88 m^3·hm^(-2)。关于年生长量,按全国第七次资源清查的中龄林与近熟林的数据做统计:杉木人工林5.2~4.2 m^3·hm^(-2),马尾松为3.2~1.8 m^3·hm^(-2),柏木为3.4~3.2 m^3·hm^(-2);但按作者掌握的我国重点或示范性、试验性小面积人工林生长量看,却很高,按我国编制的速生丰产林标准的生长量数据看比较高。我国大面积人工林生产力不高,短周期经营的杨树、桉树人工林也不高,主要原因是:(1)纯林化与针叶化严重。按第八次全国森林资源统计,纯林占人工林的85%,而且针叶化明显,人工乔木林10个优势树种中针叶林比例高达56.9%。人工纯林结构简单,生物多样性低,生物学上缺乏稳定性。人工纯林特别是针叶纯林,抗性低,抗自然灾害和大气污染能力均差,人工纯林维护地力的能力也弱。(2)集约育林的技术措施:立地控制技术未得到推广,适地适树适品种原则在育林中未能认真贯彻;密度、植被、地力控制技术也执行不力,大面积上的人工林仍属于粗放经营;连作引起林地土壤理、化、生物特性恶化,土壤质量衰退,导致林木生长不良,林分生产力逐代下降;造林作业造成水土�This paper aims at maintaining the long-term productivity of plantations and improve the stand quality so as to achieve the sustainable management of plantation. Related research achievements and data at home and abroad were collected,and the following topics were discussed： the present situation of the plantations productivity in Chi-na,the reason and mechanism that the long-term productivity of plantations was not sustained in China,and the technical countermeasures for maintaining the long-term productivity of plantations in China. According to China’s eighth national forest resources inventory,the productivity of plantation is obviously lower than that of the natural forest. The stand volume of dominant tree species in plantation is much lower than that of similar tree species in Japan. The lower productivity of plantation occurred mainly in large-areas plantations and the short-rotation poplar and eucalypt plantations in China. The reasons and mechanism of low productivity of forest plantation in China could be concluded as follows： 1. pure forests and conifer plantations taking the majority,2. The inappropriate intensive technical measures of forest cultivation,and 3. short-rotation plantation cultivation creating problems,such as decline of soil fertility in forest plantation,and monoculture of elite clones. The short-rotation plantations usually need high quantity and efficiency supply of nutrient with their characteristics of fast growing,larger volume increment,and shorter harvesting rotation. Since most of the sites for developing short-rotation forest plantations have poor soil conditions in China,the soil organic matters and nutrient will decrease significantly if successive cropping was adopted,which will bring about degradation of soil function. In order to achieve sustainable management of clonal poplar,eucalypt and other plantations in China,it is also necessary to carry out afforestation with multiple clones to avoid the negative effects due to the narrow adaptability range of few clones.

关 键 词：人工林 长期生产力 可持续经营 生态系统管理 

分 类 号：S750[农业科学—森林经理学]