清廷对漠北土谢图汗部蒙古政策探析——以喀尔喀恪靖公主府属人地亩案为中心  

An Analysis of the Qing Policies to Mongol Domains Led by Khalkha's Tüsheet Khan——with a focus on the case of the lands of and subordinates to Princess Kejing

作　　者：胡哲 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史地理研究中心,上海200000

出　　处：《西部蒙古论坛》2018年第1期22-29,共8页Journal of the Western Mongolian Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"中国草原丝绸之路节点城镇研究"(15XS010)课题的部分研究成果

摘　　要：有清一代,清廷奉行"恩威并施"的对蒙政策。以多伦会盟为标志,漠北喀尔喀蒙古诸部内附清廷。康熙帝将恪靖公主降嫁喀尔喀最强势力土谢图汗部汗王察珲多尔济之孙,进而将"满蒙联姻"政策推向漠北蒙古。但是与以往满蒙联姻不同,恪靖公主并未久居漠北,而是与额驸一同被清廷安置在漠南归化城土默特势力范围内,并设置公主府、汤沐邑,由此在归化城土默特锲入一股异质势力。在康、雍朝偏之以"恩"政策下,公主府通过属人与土谢图汗部民,得以在土默特地区开拓地亩、经营汤沐邑。随着恪靖公主的去世,公主府势力失去法理根据。而汤沐邑结构性缺陷所引发的公主府与土默特蒙古土地纠纷问题,在乾隆朝偏之以"威"政策下,终于引发地亩案,作为满蒙联姻政策的产物——汤沐邑,亦随之解体。地亩案是清廷与土谢图汗部政治关系的转捩点,清廷以此为契机对土谢图汗部势力加以收缩整合。In the years of its control, Qing Court followed a principle in its policies to the Mongols, by which it gave grace to Mongols on one side while exerted coercion on the other hand. With the Dolon Nuur Assembly as mark, the Mongols of Khalkha domains, from the north of Great Gobi, submitted to Qing Court. By then, Kangxi Emperor marryied his daughter, titled Princess Kejing, to the grandson of Tüsheet Khan, through which he extended the marriage connection policy over to Mongolian noble families in the north of Great Gobi. Differently, however, with other examples of the marriage of Manchu with Mongols, this time the Princess herself was settled in Hohhot, the territory of Tumeds, with her personal properties, including lands, mansion and subordinates, according to the arrangement of Qing Court; instead of leaving for the north of Great Gobi in company with her husband. In the period of Emperor Kanxing and his successor, owing to the settlement by Qing Court and thanks to emperor's grace, Princess Kejing's family and her domains and subordinates became a heterogeneous force among the Mongols of Tumed in Hohhot, and kept its continuation of independent develop and to expand its land possession and property holdings. But, with the death of the Princess, the powerful existence of her force lost the legal basis. In addition, the land disputes between the Mongols of Turned and the Princess property, caused by structural defects of her domains, finally led a lawsuit of contending lands, in the years of Emperor Qianlong, which in the ends brought about the disintegration of the Princess domains under the influence of inclined coercion policy taken by Emperor Qianlong. The land lawsuit case was a turning point in the political relationship between Qing Court and Mongol Domains led by Tusheet Khan, by the use of which,Qing Court reduced the power of those Domains and further integrated them into its comprehensive control.

关 键 词：恪靖公主属人地亩案 土谢图汗部 “恩威并施” 汤沐邑 

分 类 号：K281.2[历史地理—历史学]