吉林春玉米氮磷钾养分需求与利用效率研究  

N,P and K requirement and fertilizer use efficiencies of spring maize in Jilin Province

作　　者：王寅[1] 高强[1] 冯国忠[1] 焉莉[1] 李翠兰[1] 宋立新[2] 刘振刚[2] 房杰[2] WANG Yin;GAO Qiang;FENG Guo-zhong;YAN Li;LI Cui-lan;SONG Li-xin;LIU Zhen-gang;FANG Jie(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, JiIin Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Soil Resources in the Commodity Grain Bases in Jilin Province, Changchun 130118, China;Soil and Fertilizer Station of Jilin Province, Changchun 130012, China)

机构地区：[1]吉林农业大学资源与环境学院/吉林省商品粮基地土壤资源可持续利用重点实验室,吉林长春130118 [2]吉林省土壤肥料总站,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2018年第2期306-315,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0200101);国家现代农业玉米产业技术体系项目(CARS-02)资助

摘　　要：【目的】明确吉林春玉米的氮、磷、钾养分需求和利用效率,为区域春玉米的高效合理施肥提供技术参数。【方法】整理2005—2013年国家测土配方施肥项目在吉林省开展的680个"3414"田间试验,选取N_0P_0K_0、N_0P_2K_2、N_2P_0K_2、N_2P_2K_2和N_2P_2K_0 5个处理,研究氮、磷、钾肥对春玉米籽粒产量、植株养分吸收量的影响,明确产量、养分吸收量与土壤基础养分供应能力的关系,评估春玉米的氮、磷、钾养分需求量和利用效率。【结果】吉林春玉米在氮磷钾配施处理(N_2P_2K_2)获得最高的籽粒产量和植株养分吸收量,平均产量达9.6t/hm^2,玉米氮、磷、钾养分平均吸收量分别为N 190.8 kg/hm^2、P_2O_5 87.0 kg/hm^2和K_2O 215.1 kg/hm^2。与不施肥处理相比,氮磷钾配施处理平均增产42.5%,植株氮、磷、钾养分吸收量平均分别提高57.5%、64.2%和49.5%。在其他养分充分供应基础上,增施氮、磷、钾肥平均分别增加吸收N 57.2 kg/hm^2(42.9%)、P_2O_5 19.2kg/hm^2(28.4%)和K_2O_3 2.1 kg/hm^2(17.5%)。以缺素处理植株养分吸收量表征土壤养分基础供应能力,发现氮磷钾配施处理玉米产量和养分吸收量均随土壤基础养分供应能力的提高而逐渐上升,变化趋势均符合显著的对数关系。经测算,吉林春玉米氮磷钾配施处理生产百公斤籽粒平均需吸收N 1.98 kg、P_2O_5 0.90 kg和K_2O 2.24 kg,比例为1∶0.45∶1.13。减氮、减磷和减钾处理的百公斤籽粒氮、磷、钾素需求量平均分别为N 1.69 kg、P_2O_50.79 kg和K_2O 2.11 kg,与氮磷钾配施处理相比均显著下降,而且试验点间变异也明显增大。目前,吉林春玉米生产中氮、磷、钾肥的平均养分回收利用效率分别为33.7%、27.5%和45.3%,而平均生理利用效率分别为28.8、52.8和28.3 kg/kg。【结论】吉林春玉米对肥料养分的依存度较高,合理施肥是保持高产高效的重要前提。[Objectives] The N, P and K requirement and fertilizer use efficiencies of spring maize in Jilin Province were calculated, aiming to provide reference for reasonable and effective nutrient management.[Methods] Data were collected from 680 ＂3414＂ field experiments, which were supported by the project of soil test and fertilizer recommendation in Jilin Province from 2005 to 2013. The five treatments, i.e. N0P0K0, N0P2K2, N2P0K2, N2P2K2 and N2P2K0, were chosen to investigate the effects of N, P and K fertilization on maize yields, nutrient uptakes and their relationships with soil indigenous nutrient supply, and further to evaluate N, P and K requirement and fertilizer use efficiencies of spring maize in Jilin province.[Results] Application of N, P and K fertilizers increased maize yields and nutrient uptakes significantly. The highest yield level of 9.6 t/hm2 was observed in the NPK treatment, which was 42.5% higher than that in the N0P0K0 treatment. The highest nutrient uptakes of N 190.8 kg/hm2, P2O5 87.0 kg/hm2 and K2O 215.1 kg/hm2 were also found in the NPK treatment, which were 57.5%, 64.2% and 49.5% higher than those in the N0P0K0 treatment, respectively. On the basis of full supply of other nutrients, the average increases in nutrient uptakes from N, P and K fertilizers were N 57.2 kg/hm2 （42.9%）, P2O5 19.2 kg/hm2 （28.4%） and K2O 32.1 kg/hm2 （17.5%）, respectively. Across all the experiments, maize yields and nutrient uptakes of N, P and K showed significant upward trends with the increase of soil indigenous nutrient supply, which were reflected by the nutrient uptakes in maize plants of nutrient omission treatments, and all the relationships could be fitted with logarithmic function models. Production of 100 kg of grain need N 1.98 kg, P2O5 0.90 kg and K2O 2.24 kg, in ratio of 1：0.45：1.13. Nutrient deficiency reduced nutrient requirement of maize plants and expanded its variability across experiments. In the present spring maize production of Jilin Province, the average nutrient recovery

关 键 词：春玉米 氮素 磷素 钾素 养分需求 肥料利用率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]