现代汉语否定性无定代词“没的”  

On the Negative Indefinite Pronoun Meide in Mandarin Chinese

作　　者：沈阳 史红改[2] SHEN Yang;SHI Honggai(Department of Chinese, College of Humanities and Communications, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234)

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文与传播学院中文系,上海市徐汇区桂林路100号200234 [2]南京大学文学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2018年第2期179-194,共16页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家973项目子课题"语言计算模型与理论"(项目号2014CB340501);国家社科基金重大招标项目"新时期语言文字规范化问题研究"(项目号12&ZD173);国家社科基金后期资助项目"现代汉语复杂动词结构研究"(项目号10FYY006)的支持

摘　　要：本文讨论"这孩子没的救了、这下大家都没的休息了"这类"没的(V)"结构中的"没的"。"没的(V)"在形式上经历了"无得(NV/VN)、无得(V)、没得(V)"和"没的(V)";在意义上从表示"没什么(东西)V"发展到"没什么(条件)V",即从"无N(可)V"发展到"无可V、不能V"。这类"没的"与动词性"没的"和副词性"没的"既有联系也有区别,并形成独立的语法成分,即"否定性无定代词"。从语法化角度看,"没的"经历了从客观否定到主观否定的发展;从信息结构角度看,"没的"的作用在于凸显焦点,强调全值否定。建立"没的"这一无定代词类别,不仅使现代汉语代词系统更完整,而且在语言类型上也有共性。Abstract This paper investigates the Chinese construction of ＂me/de V＂ illustrated as in （ 1）. Focusing on the properties of meide, we find that it is distinguished from the verbal meide and the adverbial meide, and should be analyzed into a negative indefinite pronoun. （1） a. zhe haizi zhenshi meide jiu le this kid truly MEIDE save PRT ＇ this kid truly has no chance to be saved＇ b. zhexia dajia dou meide xiuxi le this.time everybody all MEIDE rest PRT ＇ now we all have no chance to take a rest＇ The development path of this construction is investigated in this paper. What was first available in corpus is ＂wude V-N＂ and ＂wude N-V＂, which shared the same meaning with ＂wuyou N-V＂. Then, N was omitted from the original form and new meanings emerged accordingly. At last wu was substituted by its synonym mei, and de （的） replaced its homonym de （得）. As a result, ＂meide V＂ is produced. ＂Meide＂ in this structure is a negative indefinite pronoun. We argue ＂meide＂ was evolved from objective negation to subjective negation. Since meide＇s original structure was ＂wu N ke V＂ （＇ without any N to V＇ ）, it could directly derive ＂buneng V＂ or ＂V bucheng＂ （＇ can＇ t V＇）. The former is the objective negation form of ＂meide＂, while the latter is the subjective negation form of＂me/de＂.

关 键 词：没的(V) 没得(V) 否定性无定代词 语法化 信息结构 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]