印尼北苏门答腊省稻田改为油棕种植园引发的外部性问题分析  

An analysis of the externality problems of rice field conversion into oil palm plantation in North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

作　　者：伊娃·安格莱尼 王爱松(译) 

机构地区：[1]印度尼西亚茂物农业大学资源与环境经济学系 [2]不详

出　　处：《国际社会科学杂志（中文版）》2018年第1期93-111,共19页International Social Science Journal（Chinese Edition）

摘　　要：油棕生产的吸引力已经促使印度尼西亚的稻农将其稻田改为油棕种植园。然而,由于稻田是成片相连的,紧挨稻田栽种油棕已经带来了各种外部性问题。本研究通过作物选择游戏,了解和分析农民在可耕地使用上的耕作决策,分析可能有效解决由稻田用途改变所引起的外部性问题的各种制度(例如,实施制裁与示范引导)。该游戏旨在确定空间维度在多大程度上影响农民的各种决策。从游戏中总计得到212份观察数据,参与实验的是北苏门答腊省两个区(实丹贝达盖区和朗卡区)种植水稻和油棕的农民。结果显示,基准线的改种率最高(2.59),示范引导次之(2.39),再次是实施制裁(1.78)。这一结果表明,应采用制度机制解决外部性问题,在降低改种率方面,实施制裁比示范引导能产生更显著的影响。当然,中心地区和边缘地区稻田的改种率,从所有处理方法所带来的结果看,并无显著差异。为了避免加剧耕地利用的外部性问题,作者建议建立当地的制度(例如经由农民同意的适用制裁机制的非正式规则),通过详细确定各村庄和地区层面的空间规划,强化土地利用的正式规则。The appeal of oil palm production has encouraged rice farmers in Indonesia to convert their rice fields into oil palm plantations.However, due to the connectedness of rice fields, the presence of oil palm plantations adjacent to the rice plantation has created externality problems. This study conducted a crop-choice game to understand farmers' farming decisions on arable land use and to analyze the kind of institutions(i.e.,sanctioning versus leading by example) that might be effective to solve the externality problems emanating from rice-field conversion.The game also aimed to determine the extent to which spatial dimension influences farmers' decisions. A total of 212 observations consisting of rice and oil palm farmers in two districts in Sumatera Utara province(i.e.,Serdang Bedagai district and Langkat district)participated in the experiment. The results showed that the baseline had the highest conversion rate(2.59), followed by the leading by example(2.39), and then by the sanctioning(1.78). This result indicates that institutional mechanism is required to solve the externality problems, and that sanctioning makes a more significant influence than leading by example in reducing the conversion rate. However, the conversion rates of the rice plots located at the center and at the borders did not significantly differ from one another in all treatments. To prevent further externality problems in arable land use, we suggest establishing local institutions(i.e., informal rules agreed by farmers through sanctioning mechanism) and enhancing formal rules on land use through specifying spatial planning at the village and district levels.

关 键 词：外部性问题 印尼 印度尼西亚政府 种植园 油棕 稻田 苏门 棕榈油 

分 类 号：F316.1[经济管理—产业经济]