左支右绌：缅甸中立外交的坚守与调适  

Straitened Situation: The Adherence and Adjustment of Myanmar's Neutral Diplomacy

作　　者：姚颖 

机构地区：[1]华大学国际关系学系

出　　处：《东南亚研究》2018年第2期18-37,152-153,共20页Southeast Asian Studies

基　　金：2016年中国国家社科基金青年项目“‘一带一路’背景下缅甸民族问题研究”(16CMZ028).

摘　　要：缅甸的殖民历史使国家安全成为缅甸独立后外交政策中最重要的因素,也使得军方长期掌握缅甸外交政策的决定权。对军方而言,外交的核心目的在于保证缅甸主权独立完整,因而军方赞同并坚守吴努确立的中立、不结盟的外交原则。缅甸的地缘位置决定了其内忧外患的战略环境,限制了其外交政策的腾挪空间。由于不同时期国内外环境的变化,缅甸中立外交原则的具体实践有所调适和妥协。1988—1992年短暂弃用中立政策、"一边倒"向中国后,缅甸一直在努力摆脱对中国的过度依赖,力争实现外交多元化。但是,缅甸长期经济发展落后,国家治理能力低下,当面临严重的外部冲击或内部危机时,往往只能依靠中国提供政治保护和经济支持,这又在一定程度上对其外交的中立主义和多元化产生不利影响。民盟政府执政后缅甸的中立和多元化外交依然面临着各种挑战。Myanmar's colonial experience has made national security the salient concern in its foreign policy,and it also has made Myanmar's armed forces(Tatmadaw)the most dominate force in foreign policy decision making.For the Tatmadaw,the primary purpose of diplomacy is to guarantee Myanmar's independence and integrity of sovereignty.Therefore,the Tatmadaw agrees with and adheres to the principles of neutrality and non-aligned diplomacy established by the first premier U Nu.The geopolitical position of Myanmar,sandwiched between China and India,leaves it limited options in its foreign policy.However,over the years,the specific practice of the principle of neutral diplomacy has been adjusted and compromised due to changes in international order and regional environment.After a short-term abandonment of its neutral policy from 1988—1992,Myanmar has been trying to reduce its excessive reliance on China and strives to achieve more diversified foreign relations.However,Myanmar's long-term backward economic development and low governance capacity,when facing serious external shocks or internal crises,it often has to depend on China to provide political protection and economic support.After the NLD government came to power,Myanmar's neutral and pluralistic diplomacy still faces various challenges.

关 键 词：缅甸外交 国家安全 中立主义 军人政权 民盟政府 中缅关系 

分 类 号：D833.70[政治法律—政治学]