元、清两朝藏传佛教政策管控及其效果  

Comparison between Tibetan Buddhism Policy Control in Yuan and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：胡垚[1] HU Yao(College of Tibetology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, Siehuan, 610041)

机构地区：[1]西南民族大学藏学学院,四川成都610041

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2018年第2期15-20,共6页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

基　　金：西南民族大学中央高校基金项目"清代笔记文学中佛道人物及文化研究"(2018SQN01)

摘　　要：宗教是维持社会稳定的一大文化杠杆,在促进民族融合上有其突出作用。中国历史上,由少数民族建立政权的元、清两朝出于同样目的,都采取了"思有以因其俗而柔其人"的策略,扶持藏传佛教以羁縻边疆,但在具体实施上却各有侧重。在宗教领袖权力方面,元朝帝师权力独大;清朝则立四大喇嘛以便分权统治。特权礼遇方面,元朝对藏传佛教僧侣过度庇护,特权凌驾于国家司法之上;清朝则将僧侣特权严格控制在法度之内。具体的管理制度上,元朝流于宽泛,规范细则稍嫌薄弱;清朝则更为细致,对藏传佛教进行了全方位的管控。在皇室的宗教信仰虔诚度上,元朝皇室因过度信奉而导致对宗教势力约束不足;而清朝统治者则对藏传佛教的影响和教化作用认识清醒。于这一"统"一"分"、一"放"一"严"、一"泛"一"细"、一"信"一"用"之间,元、清两朝对藏传佛教政策管控之高下立判。以古鉴今,对比两朝对藏传佛教的政策与其得失,整合两朝以宗教促进民族团结、治理边疆的成功经验,对当下亦有一定启发。Religion is a great cultural lever to maintain social stability and has its prominent role m promoting national integration. In the history of China, Ming and Qing Dynasties,which were established by ethnic minorities, for the same purpose, both adopted the policy of ＂winning obedience from local population with their own customs＂ by supporting Tibetan Buddhism to appease border ethnic minorities, but each had its own focus in implementation. In terms of religious religious faith of the royal family, Yuan Dynasty＇s obsessive religious belief resulted in insufficient control of rehgious authority, while the rulers of the Qing Dynasty had a clear understanding of the influence and enlightenment of the Tibetan Buddhism. From the difference between ＂centralized＂ and ＂decentralized＂, between ＂lenient＂ and ＂strict＂, between ＂extensive＂ and ＂intensive＂, and between ＂obsessive＂ and ＂functional＂, we can easily discern whether Yuan Dynasty or Qing Dynasty held better policy in controlling Tibetan Buddhism. By comparing the two dynasties＂ policies on Tibetan Buddhism and their gains and losses, and integrating successful experience of the two dynasties promoting ethnic unity and governing border regions, we can learn lessons from history and gain some inspiration for the present.

关 键 词：元 清藏传佛教 政策管控 特权 管理制度 民族融合 

分 类 号：B948[哲学宗教—宗教学]