基于博弈视角的我国铁路公益性运输补贴机制研究  

Research on Railway Commonweal Transportation Subsidy Mechanism in China Based on Game Theory

作　　者：张银雁 佟琼[1] Zhang Yinyan;Tong Qiong(School of Economics and Management Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044)

机构地区：[1]北京交通大学经济管理学院,北京100044

出　　处：《管理评论》2018年第4期235-246,共12页Management Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(15BJY125)

摘　　要：铁路运输业关系国计民生,具有巨大的公益性,其公益性主要体现在公益性运输,即以低于成本的价格提供社会运输服务。建立适当的铁路公益性运输补贴机制对于发挥铁路的公益性具有极其重要的意义。本文首先通过分析国内外铁路公益性运输补贴机制,总结出交叉补贴与亏损补贴机制、特许经营权与最低补贴竞标机制、固定每单位运价补贴合约与绩效补贴合约等四种具有代表性的铁路公益性运输服务补贴机制。再利用博弈论分析不同补贴机制下参与人的最优反应,分析四种补贴机制在我国的适用性。研究发现,目前实施的交叉补贴与亏损补贴方案效率最低;我国铁路公益性运输在近期内可以采取绩效补贴模式;在中期,采用政府与铁路总公司签订固定每单位运价补贴合同;从长期看,应将竞争机制引入铁路运输行业,调整铁路运输市场结构,对公益性运输业务进行最低补贴招标,让多家铁路运输企业参与特许经营权竞标。Railway transportation bears heavily on the people’s livelihood and especially on public welfare as commonweal transportation service is provided at prices lower than market prices. Therefore,developing a railway transportation subsidy mechanism is of great significance for railway transportation to play a role as a commonweal tool in China. First,by analyzing different railway commonweal transportation subsidy mechanisms of China,Britain,France and Norway,this paper summarizes four railway commonweal transportation subsidy schemes,i.e.,cross-subsidy and loss subsidy scheme,franchise and the lowest subsidy bid,fixed subsidy for each unit of freight contract and performance subsidy contract. Then,this paper observes the benefits associated different situations directly,by analyzing players’ best responses under different institutional arrangements from the perspective of game theory. At last,based on our own national conditions,this paper analyzes the applicability of four railway commonweal transportation subsidy schemes in China,and presents recommendations： cross-subsidy and loss subsidy scheme has the lowest efficiency,so it must be reformed as soon as possible; in the short term,performance subsidy contract is suitable for China; in the medium term,the most appropriate subsidy mechanism should be fixed subsidy for each unit of freight contract; and in the long term,competition should be introduced into the railway transport industry and the structure of railway transportation market should be adjusted in such a manner as to ensure that multiple railway transportation players will be invited for the franchise bidding with the lowest-subsidy.

关 键 词：铁路公益性运输 补贴机制 博弈论 交叉补贴 绩效补贴 

分 类 号：F532[经济管理—产业经济]