农牧业生态补偿的国际比较及其借鉴  

Comparative study of international farming and animal husbandry ecological compensation and its implications

作　　者：李琪 王兴杰 王爱萍 刘晓雯 徐庚 LI Qi;WANG Xingjie;WANG Aiping;LIU Xiaowen;XU Geng(School of Publie Administration , Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China;Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Population, Resourees and Environment, Jinan 250014, China;China Center for Information Industry Development, Beijing 100048, China)

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学公共管理学院,济南250014 [2]中国人口.资源与环境编辑部,济南250014 [3]中国电子信息产业发展研究院,北京100048

出　　处：《干旱区资源与环境》2018年第6期1-10,共10页Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家"十二五"科技支撑计划重点项目(2013BAC03B05)资助

摘　　要：以美国、欧盟、尼加拉瓜农牧业生态补偿计划/项目为案例,综合分析的结果表明:农牧业生态补偿制度存在于国家总体农牧业和农村发展框架内,与农牧业和农村发展政策保持一致。实施生态补偿的目标主要是补偿或避免农牧业生产的正负外部性,补偿农牧民为改善环境而作出的努力,通过补偿转移社会财产给农牧民等。农牧业生态补偿必须以设置基准线、客观地计算补偿额度为基础,生态补偿绩效要经过利益相关者之外的第三方的评估。在发达国家补偿资金主要来自于政府,在发展中国家补偿资金则以跨国组织和基金会资助为主。通过生态补偿有效地保护了生态环境及其景观,但是,由于贫困家庭参与能力弱,缓解贫困的效果一般。我国的农牧业生态补偿多为行业性计划或工程的形式,以固定价格补贴为主,存在补偿目标单一,补偿对象界定模糊,补偿效果评估滞后或缺省等问题。借鉴国外成熟的农牧业生态补偿经验,应在补偿目标多元化、明晰补偿内涵、实行第三方评估等方面完善我国农牧业生态补偿机制,对改善我国生态环境将产生更积极的影响。This research took ecological compensation plans or projects of farming and animal husbandry in the United States,EU and Nicaragua as examples,and analyzed the ecological compensation in agriculture comprehensively.Results showed that ecological compensation system of farming and animal husbandry existed in the national total farming and animal husbandry development framework and rural development framework,and kept the same development step with farming and animal husbandry and rural development policies.The main goals to implement ecological compensation are to compensate or avoid the positive and negative externalities of farming and animal husbandry production,compensate the efforts of farmers in improving environment,and transfer social wealth to farmers through compensation.The ecological compensation of farming and animal husbandry must be set up baseline; compensation amount should be calculated objectively; and the ecological compensation performance invite should be assessed by third-party beyond stakeholders.The compensation funds in developed countries mainly come from governments,while in developing countries,compensation funds mainly come from transnational organizations and foundations.Ecological compensation can effectively protect ecological environment and its landscapes,but rural households in poverty have weak participation ability,thus resulting in the low effect to reduce poverty.China＇s ecological compensation of farming and animal husbandry is generally in the forms of sectorial plan or engineering project,and mainly uses fixed price subsidy.It has problems such as single compensation goal,indistinct definition on who will receive compensation,low effect of compensation and the lag of assessment.Based on mature ecological compensation experience of farming and animal husbandry aboard,we suggest that in order to improve China＇s farming and animal husbandry compensation mechanism,it should establish diversified compensation objectives,clarify the connotation of compensation and invite th

关 键 词：生态补偿 农牧业 国际案例 目标多元化 第三方评估 

分 类 号：F062.2[经济管理—政治经济学]