测墒补灌和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分、氮素利用效率的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Application on Yield,Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat Under Supplemental Irrigation Based on Measured Soil Moisture Content

作　　者：金修宽[1,2] 马茂亭[2] 赵同科[2] 安志装[2] 姜玲玲 JIN XiuKuan;MA MaoTing;ZHAO TongKe;AN ZhiZhuang;JIANG LingLing(College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, Hebei;Institute of Plant Nutrient and Natural Resources, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beo＇ing 100097)

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院,河北保定071000 [2]北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京100097

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2018年第7期1334-1344,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0801001;2016YFD0200103);农业部农业生态环境保护项目(2110402-201258)

摘　　要：【目的】测墒补灌是近年来研究的一种小麦节水灌溉新技术。论文旨在探索测墒补灌与施氮对冬小麦生长的影响,为该区节水、节氮提供依据。【方法】采用漫灌的方式设置测墒补灌和施氮两因素田间试验,补灌设置4个处理,于冬小麦拔节期、开花期依据0—40 cm土层土壤质量含水量进行测墒补灌,补灌至土壤田间持水量的50%(W1)、60%(W2)、70%(W3)、80%(W4)。施氮设置4个处理,不施氮(N0)、施纯氮180 kg·hm-2(N180)、240 kg·hm-2(N240)和300 kg·hm-2(N300)。在此处理下研究了测墒补灌和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分、氮素利用效率的影响。【结果】(1)各施氮处理下,补灌量的增加可增加冬小麦籽粒产量,当补灌量至土壤田间持水量的60%—80%范围内时,冬小麦籽粒的增产效应差异不显著。各补灌处理下,当施氮量超过240 kg·hm-2时籽粒产量无显著性变化。本试验条件下当补灌至土壤田间持水量的60%,施氮量为240 kg·hm-2时冬小麦籽粒产量达到最高,为8 104.6 kg·hm-2。(2)增加施氮量和补灌量均可显著增加麦田总耗水量,但当施氮量超过240 kg·hm-2时,施氮的提高效果不显著。补灌量的增加会显著增加麦田总耗水量,但当补灌至土壤田间持水量60%(W2)、70%(W3)时较补灌至80%(W4)处理显著降低耗水量,说明有利于节约灌水而获得较高产量。(3)相同施氮处理下,补灌量的增加可显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,当补灌量增至土壤田间持水量的60%时,冬小麦水分利用效率达到最大值,为14.7 kg·hm-2·mm-1。相同补灌处理下,增施氮肥可显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,但施氮量不宜超过240 kg·hm-2,否则将导致水分利用效率降低。(4)相同施氮处理下,应控制补灌量至土壤田间持水量的60%时冬小麦氮素干物质生产效率及氮素利用效率最高,为60.1 kg·kg-1、22.4 kg·kg-1。相同补灌处理下,施氮量应控制在240 kg·hm-2时可获得较高的�【Objective】Supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture content was a newly water-saving approach developed in wheat irrigation in recent years, so the purpose of this paper was to evaluate its application potential in Huang-Huai-Hai plain.【Method】In this study, a field experiment of supplemental irrigation based on measurement of moisture content was conducted, combining with different level of nitrogen application. The four irrigation treatments were designed in the main plots, and supplemental irrigation was based on measuring soil moisture content of 0-40 cm soil layers at jointing and anthesis stages of winter wheat. The soil moisture reached 50%FC（field capacity）（W1）, 60%FC（W2）, 70%FC（W3）, 80%FC（W4）. In the sub-plots, four nitrogen application treatments were applied at 0（N0）, 180（N180）, 240（N240）, 300（N300） kg N·hm-2. The effects of nitrogen application on yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat under supplemental irrigation based on measured soil moisture content were analyzed.【Result】（1） Under the equal nitrogen application treatments, the wheat yield increased with higher irrigation content. When the supplemental irrigation reached 60%-80%FC range, there were no significant differences in wheat yield among different treatments. For the same irrigation treatments, wheat yield was reduced when the amount of nitrogen applied exceeded 240 kg N·hm-2. The highest yield（8 104.6 kg·hm-2） of winter wheat was achieved under the N level of 240 kg·hm-2 under W2 treatment in this experimental study.（2） Increasing the amount of nitrogen, supplement irrigation could significantly increase the total water consumption of wheat. However, the effect of nitrogen application was not significant difference when the nitrogen application exceeded to 240 kg N·hm-2. Supplement irrigation could significantly increase the total water consumption of wheat. When the irrigation reached 60%FC, 70%FC, it significantly reduced the amount of irrigation co

关 键 词：测墒补灌 小麦产量 水、氮利用效率 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]