清钦天监气象工作的考察  

Investigation of the Meteorological Work in Astronomical Bureau during Qing Dynasty

作　　者：王挺[1] 吕凌峰[2] 储文娟 WANG Ting;LV Lingfeng;CHU Wenjuan(Institute for History of Science and Technology, Nanfing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;Dept. of the History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China)

机构地区：[1]南京信息工程大学科学技术史研究院,南京210044 [2]中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥230026

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2018年第1期35-47,共13页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：南京信息工程大学人才启动经费资助项目(项目编号:2016r037);南京信息工程大学2017年科学技术史研究院开放课题(项目编号:2017KJSKT009);中国气象局委托研究项目"中国气象事业近现代化研究"(项目编号:20160044)

摘　　要：气象工作是清钦天监观象工作的重要组成部分,大体分为两个方面:一是日常气象工作,即对每日的晴雨、风向等气象要素进行全天候观测,将观测结果汇录册薄,形成《晴雨录》《观象台风呈》等表册,并在规定时间上奏,旨在记录气象;二是特定气象工作,包括特定时节的气象观测(即正旦及八节的风向观测和每年的初雷观测)和特定气象要素的观测(即沙尘、雾、霾、晕等异常天气现象的观测)两个方面,需要依据占书给观测结果出具占语,并及时上奏题本,以预测吉凶祸福。清钦天监的气象工作留存下大量档案史料,其中蕴含着丰富的历史气候信息,但在开展历史气候研究时,要务必对其可靠性问题予以重视。Meteorological work was an important part of the work in Astronomical Bureau during Qing Dynasty, which was divided into two aspects： The first part was the daily meteorological work, that was, the daily sunshine, precipitation, wind, clouds and other meteorological elements were ob- served all-around-the clock, and the observation results were recorded in Precipitation Record, Astro- nomical Bureau Wind Table and other tables, and then were reported to the Emperor in the stipulated time. The daily meteorological work was designed to record the climate information. The other part was the specific meteorological work, including the meteorological observation at the particular mo- ment （ ie. wind observation in Zheng Dan and eight Solar Terms and first thunderstorm observation） and the observation of special meteorological event （ ie. dust, fog, haze, halo and other anomalous weather phenomenon） two aspects, whose observation results were provided the prediction about the fortune or misfortune according to the prediction book, and were reported timely to the Emper- or. There was plenty of historical climate information in the archives recorded by Astronomical Bureau during Qing Dynasty, but it was necessary to pay attention to the reliability problem of these histori- cal climate information in carrying out historical climate research.

关 键 词：清钦天监 气象观测 晴雨录 初雷 可靠性 

分 类 号：P412[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]