对不同时期我国田径优势项目训练理念和实践的审视与反思  

Review and Reflections on Training Ideology and Practices of Chinese Advantage Track and Field Events in Different Periods

作　　者：赵琦[1] 陆锦华[1] ZHAO Qi;LU Jin-hua(Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu China)

机构地区：[1]南京体育学院,江苏南京210014

出　　处：《北京体育大学学报》2018年第3期118-124,共7页Journal of Beijing Sport University

基　　金：江苏省高校品牌专业建设工程资助项目(项目TAPP)(项目编号:PPZY2015A007)

摘　　要：运用文献资料、调查问卷、比较分析等研究方法,对不同历史时期我国田径优势项目训练理念与实践进行研究。研究认为:1)借鉴先进的训练理论与经验,重新认识项目特征,形成科学的训练理念,创新、优化训练手段和负荷,形成独特的技术风格,是我国跳高、投掷、跨栏等项目获得阶段性优势的主要原因。2)跳高水平的下滑,主要是由于对快速助跑的训练理念没有很好体现,缺乏长远规划,对训练方法、技术细节、个人特点及负荷的过程控制不够重视,训练没有新的突破所致。3)近来我国女子优秀投掷选手的出手速度失去了动作快、出手快的特点,下肢灵活性、爆发力不足,基本功不扎实,最大力量不能有效转化为专项速度,影响了选手的成绩高度。4)中长跑成绩的持续下滑,说明我们在耐力项目上并没有形成先进的理论、理念,训练停留在方法、手段、负荷的改变上,盲目的大负荷量和高强度,缺乏深刻的运动生物学理论支撑。5)改变对周期及负荷的看法,形成小运动量、高强度和以赛带练的理念;用神经肌肉协调用力观念指导训练,并以专项速度为核心强化训练,形成领先的技术优势,促进了我国男子跨栏项目的发展。6)实践中对新的训练理论与理念认识不深,在训练中特别是青少年的训练中不能系统的体现,在很大程度上影响了我国优势项目的进一步发展。This study examined the training ideology and practices of Chinese advantage track and field events in different periods,and explored the event characteristics,training ideology,training cycles,means of training,and training loads,by the methods of literature review,questionnaire investigation and comparative analysis. Conclusions： 1） Learning from the advanced training theory and experience,re understanding the event characteristics,breaking through the traditional constraints,forming a scientific training concept,focusing on the special needs,innovating and optimizing the training means and loading,and forming a unique technical style,are the main reasons for the phase advantage of China＇s high jump,throw,hurdles and other events. 2） The main reasons for the decline of high jump performance in China are that the training idea of rapid run-up has not been well reflected in athletes＇ training for many years; athletes lack the long-term plan,not pay enough attention to the training methods,technical details,personal characteristics and load process control; and there is no new breakthrough for the training of the high level athletes. 3） There is a clear gap of China＇s elite female throwers＇ release speed in recent years compared with that in 1990 s; China＇s elite female throwers have lost the characteristics of fast movement and fast release,their lower limbs＇ flexibility and explosive force are not enough,and their basic skills are not solid,and they cannot effectively transform the greatest strength into specific speed,which have affected their performance. 4） The huge contrast and failure of the middle and long distance running events shows that we have not formed a stable and advanced theory and idea on endurance events,we change the training still only on method,means,load,blindly use large amount of load and high intensity,and lack of profound theory of sports biology; it also shows that the management and training system for high-level athletes and sports teams is not perfect enough.5�

关 键 词：中国 田径 田径优势项目 训练理念与实践 

分 类 号：G82[文化科学—体育训练]