宪法总纲条款的性质与效力  

The Nature and Validity of the General Provisions of the Constitution

作　　者：王锴[1] 刘犇昊[1] WANG Kai,LIU Benhao(Law School, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, Chin)

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学法学院,北京100191

出　　处：《法学论坛》2018年第3期27-34,共8页Legal Forum

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目<我国宪法总纲条款的规范属性与实施机制研究>(12CFX016)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：宪法总纲条款占据了我国宪法的近四分之一,并成为历次修宪的主要对象。宪法总纲条款的最大特征是具有纲领性,即规定了一种国家未来要实现的目标,在德国法上被称为国家目标规定。国家目标规定不同于基本权利,它高度依赖立法的中介与形成。同时,它保护的不是个人利益,而是公共利益。但是,国家目标规定仍然对于国家机关具有法律约束力,对于立法机关来说,国家目标规定赋予其一种立法义务去规定实现国家目标的方式。对于行政机关和司法机关,国家目标规定主要提供了一种解释标准。国家目标规定的规范性体现为两方面,一是作为具体规范的标准和界限,二是作为立法者的行为要求。前者表现为针对立法作为的合宪性审查(即立法违反了国家目标规定),后者表现为针对立法不作为的合宪性审查(即立法没有履行或者没有平等地履行国家目标规定所课予的立法作为义务)。The general provisions of the constitution occupy nearly 1/4 of China＇s Constitution and become the main objects of previous constitutional amendments. The main feature of the general provisions of the constitution is that it has programmatic nature,that is,a country＇s goal to be achieved in the future. It is called the national goal provision in German law. National goal provisions are different from fundamental rights. They are highly dependent on the intermediary and formation of legislation. At the same time,it protects public interests rather than individual interests. However,the national goal provisions are still legally binding on the state organs,and for the legislature,the national goal provisions stipulate a legislative obligation to stipulate the way to achieve the goals of the state. For administrative organs and judicial organs,the national goal provisions provide a standard of interpretation. The normalization of national goal provisions are embodied in two aspects： firstly,it can be as the standards and limits of specific norms,and secondly,it can be as the behavior requirements of legislators. The former is represented by the constitutional review of legislation（ that is,the legislation violates national goal provisions）,and the latter is a constitutional review of the legislative inaction（ i.e.,the legislation that has not been performed or does not perform well according to national goal provisions）.

关 键 词：宪法总纲条款 国家目标规定 基本权利 原则 立法不作为 

分 类 号：D911[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]